一年级等量代换1

EnglishGrammarSentences英语句子种类I、句子种类（按交际用途分）陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句、提纲1、陈述句说明一个事实或陈述一个看法，有肯定式和否定式，语序是主语在前，谓语在后。eg:Lighttravelsfasterthansound.光比声速度快。（说明事实）Thefilmisratherboring.这部电影很乏味。（说明看法）注：1）凡陈述句中的谓语部分有助动词be,have/has或情态动can,may,must,will,shall等时，其否定式只需在它们后面加not即可。eg:TomcanspeakEnglish.TomcannotspeakEnglish.I、句子种类2）如果陈述句中的谓语动词只是行为动词，而没有助动词或者形态动词时，其否定形式要在行为动词前加do/doesnot;动词是过去时，在动词前加didnot,后面的谓语动词用原形。eg:Theywenttoshoolbybikeyesterday.Theydidnotgotoshllibybikeyesterday.2、疑问句(Interrogativesentence)有一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反义疑问句。I、句子种类1）一般疑问句(GeneralQuestions)以情态动词，助动词或系动词Be开头的疑问句。用来询问一件事，答案通常是yes或no，注意语序。eg:Doesshelikemusic?--Yes,shedose.2）特殊疑问句(SpecialQuestion)以疑问词开头的疑问句疑问词who,whose,what,which,where,when,why,how等。I、句子种类特殊疑问句由“疑问词加一般疑问句”构成。对主语提问时，语序与陈述句相同。特殊疑问句要根据问句的内容如实回答，不再用YesorNo来回答。Eg：---Whoisthemanoverthere?----HeisourEnglishteacher.I、句子种类3）选择疑问句(AlternativeQuestion)提出两种或多种情况，要求对方选择一种，结构是“一般疑问句+or+省略的一般疑问句”，或用疑问词which,whose等提问。回答时必须选其中一种情况回答，不能用yesorno回答。eg:1）---Isthisabasketallofafootball?---Itisabasketball.2)---Whichisyourbag,theblueoneortheyellowone?---Theblueone.4）反意疑问句（DisjunctiveQuestion）：表示提问者有移动的主见，但没有把握，希望对方来证实。构成：前一部分是对实物的陈述，后一部分是省略型的简单句。如果前一部分用肯定式，后一部分就要用否定式、否则就用肯定式。两部分的人称和时态要一致。回答：不管问题的提法如何，事实是肯定的就要用yes,否定的就用no.eg:--YouarefromUSA,aren'tyou?你来自美国，不是吗？--No，I'mnot.I'mfromChina.不，不是的。我来自中国。I、句子种类4）反意疑问句（DisjunctiveQuestion）：1.TomhardlyknowsFrench,____________?2.—Marydidn'tfailherexam,didshe?---______,shedidn’t.3.Youneedn’tcome,______you?Youneedtocome,______you?5.HeusedtoliveinLeeds,______he?doesheNomustdon’tdidn’t3、祈使句（ImperrativeSentences）用来表达命令、要求、请求、劝告等。说话的对象是第二人称时，you经常被省略。句末用句号或者叹号。I、句子种类1）祈使句的开头用动词原形。eg:请坐Sitdown,please!请关门Closethedoor,please!2）祈使句的否定式在句首加Don't,有时用Never，eg:不要把花放在桌子上Don'tputtheflowersonthetable.再不要这么做了。Neverdoitagain4、感叹句大多由what或how引导的，表达强烈的感情如、惊奇、愤怒、赞赏、喜悦等。I、句子种类1）How+adj/adv+主语+谓语！eg:这花儿多漂亮啊！Howbeautifultheflowersare!2)What+a/an+adj+单数可数名词+主语+谓语！eg:好大的一个苹果呀！Whatabigappleitis!多么有趣的书呀！Whataninterestingbookitis!I、句子种类3)What+adj+复数名词或不可数名词+主语+谓语eg:多么糟糕的消息呀！Whatbadnewsitis!4)在口语中，有时主语、谓语都省略，有时只用一个词或者一个短语，有时省略adj/adv.eg:袋子真重！Whataheavybag!多好啊！Hownice!真酷！Cool!他们真能干！Howtheywork!II、句子类型（按句子结构分）简单句、并列句、复合句、并列复合句二、句子类型1、简单句只包含一个主谓结构，个个成分都是单词或短语的句子。AllroadsleadtoRome.Hegotup,dressedquickly,washedhimselfandwentout.Isheasuperman?Don’tbeshy.Haveatry.Themandressedinblackseemstobeaspy.二、句子类型2、并列句包含两个或更多互不依从的主谓结构，分句由并列连词and,then,but,or,orelse,so,for,while,when;both…and,either…or,neither…nor,notonly…,butalso,aswellas等来连接。Heisabasketballfan,andhiswifeisavolleyballfan.Honeyissweet,butthebeestings.Don’tbelate,forthereisameeting.Hurryup,oryou’llbelate.Heworkshardwhilehisbrotherisalazybone.HewasenjoyinghisKFCwhenafriendcame.二、句子类型3、复合句复合句的某个成分，如主语、宾语、表语、同位语、定语、状语等，由另一个句子承当。（1）名词性从句主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句统称为名词性从句。宾语从句注意事项：引导词、语序、时态呼应、语态。主语/表语/同位从句注意事项：引导词、语序、语态。注意：1、whether与if的区别；2、陈述句变来的名词性从句由什么引导。那么，一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、感叹句变来的呢？二、句子类型3、复合句（2）定语从句=先行词+引导词+其它。引导词的选用取决于：1）先行词；2）先行词的修饰语；3）引导词在定语从句中的成分。注意：定语从句中的主谓一致；Hewastheonlyoneoftheboyswhowaspraisedbytheheadmasteratthemeeting.3、复合句(3)状语从句即用作状语的分句,可作下列状语：1、时间（after,before,as,when,while,since,till,until,whenever,aslongas,assoonas;themoment,everytime,nexttime;nosooner…than,hardly…when）；2、地点（where,wherever）；3、方式（as,asif,asthough）；4、程度（as…as,morethan,so…that,such…that）；二、句子类型5、原因（because,since,as,nowthat,that）；6、结果（,sothat,so…that,such…that）；7、目的（sothat,inorderthat,incase）；8、条件（if,unless）；9、让步（though,although,evenif,eventhough,inspiteofthefactthat,whenever,wherever,whoever,whichever,However,nomatterhow,whether）。二、句子类型(3)状语从句二、句子类型3、复合句并列复合句即并列连词连接了带从句的并列句。Englishiswidelyusedintheworld,butChinahasthelargestnumberofpeoplewhospeakChinese.Idon’tenjoysinging,nordoIlikecomputers.Chuckisabusinessmanwhoisalwayssobusythathehaslittletimeforhisfriends.Shewassosurprisedthatshecouldn’tmove.OnedaychuckisonaflightacrossthePacificOceanwhensuddenlyhisplanecrashes.Inordertosurvive,chuckdevelopsafriendshipwithavolleyballhecallsWilson./TomakeitthebesteverGames,thecapitalcitywillmakeseveralbigchanges.EventhoughWilsonisjustavolleyball,hebecomesfondofhim.Itisimportanttohavesomeonetocareabout.Heshouldhavecaredmoreabouthisfriends.Englishisalanguagespokenallovertheworld./TomHanksplaysamannamedChuckNoland./Englishhasdevelopedintoalanguagemostwidelyspokenandusedintheworld.ThenumberofpeoplewholearnEnglishasaforeignlanguageisover750million.BusinessmenandtouristsoftencometoChinawithoutbeingabletospeakChinese.Thereisnoquickanswertothisquestion.That’swhythewordsarespeltdifferentlyinAmericanEnglish.Mostofthetime,peoplefromthetwodifferentcountriesdonothaveanydifficultyinunderstandingeachother.Insteadofspendingyourvacationonabus,inahotelorsittingonthebeach,youmaywanttotryhiking.Thename“whitewater”comesfromthefactthatthewaterinthesestreamsandriverslookswhitewhenitmovesquickly.Youshouldnotgoraftingunlessyouknowhowtoswim.Beforeshecouldmove,sheheardaloudnoise,whichgrewtoaterribleroar./Beforeshecouldthinktwice,thewaterwasuponher./Beforetheyreachedthehouse,anewgreatwavecame./Wemaybeabletotakemeasuresbeforeitis