九讲中国古代社会流动的争论.ppt

2019/10/301第九讲中国古代社会流动性的争论元代进士题名碑2019/10/302第九讲科举制、士大夫与宋代社会一、科举制：一个争论中的问题艾尔曼（BenjaminElman）:ACulturalHistoryofCivilExaminationsinLateImperialChina（2000）何炳棣：《读史阅世六十年》（2005）社会流动性（socialmobility）2019/10/303第九讲科举制、士大夫与宋代社会二、争论的由来（1947－1962）E.A.Kracke(柯睿格),“FamilyversusMeritinChineseCivilExaminationsundertheEmpire”(1947)《绍兴十八年同年小录》（1148）:330;157/279;56.3%《宝祐四年登科录》（1256）:601;331/572;57.9%2019/10/304第九讲科举制、士大夫与宋代社会《绍兴十八年同年小录》:第一甲第一人：王佐，字宣子，小名千里，小字驥兒。年二十。九月初一日生。外氏葉具慶下第五十八。兄弟五人。一舉。娶髙氏。曽祖仁，故，不仕。祖忠，故，不仕。父俊彦，見任左廸功郎、鎮江府教授。本貫紹興府山隂縣禹㑹鄉廣陵里父為户。第二人：董徳元，字體仁，小名丙哥，小字長夀。年五十三。十月初五日生。外氏曾永感下第七十七。兄弟二人。六舉。娶曽氏。曽祖倚，故，都官員外郎，累至太子太保。祖蒙休，故，延賞都官，贈太子太傅。父奨，累贈少卿。本貫吉州永豐縣雲葢鄉善和里曽祖為户。第三人：陳孺，字漢卿，小名叔禎，小字石老。年三十一。十一月初十日生。外氏湯具慶下第四十。兄弟二人。一舉。娶饒氏，曽祖徳明，故，不仕。祖世京，故，不仕。父策，未仕，本貫撫州臨川縣西團鄉文公坊父為户。2019/10/305第九讲科举制、士大夫与宋代社会“Wehaveseenthen,thatamajorityofthemenpassingexaminations,ontheevidenceof1148and1256,camefromnon-officialfamilies.Wehaveseenalsothattheexaminationsprobablysuppliedatthistimesomewherebetweenathirdandhalfofthenumbersinthecivilservice,andfilledastillmoresignificantroleinsupplyingmenforthemoreimportantpositionsinthegovernment.”“Itisclearfromtheevidencealreadyavailablethatinthisperiodgraduateswhohadnofamilytraditionofcivilserviceplayed,byvirtuebothoftheirnumbersandoftheirofficialfunctions,ahighlysignificantpart.”----E.A.Kracke2019/10/306第九讲科举制、士大夫与宋代社会Ho,Ping-ti(何炳棣).TheLadderofSuccessinImperialChina:AspectsofSocialMobility,1368-1911[《明清社会史论》](1962).明代进士登科录、同年遍览录、序齿录清代进士三代履历、同年齿录清代乡试齿录、同年录A类（三代无生员）：3696/12226;30.2%B类（三代至少一个生员）：1471/12226;12.1%C类（三代至少一个举人）：7059/12226;57.7%D类（三代至少一位三品以上官员）：691/12226;5.7%A+B=42.3%2019/10/307第九讲科举制、士大夫与宋代社会三、对Kracke与何炳棣的批评（1980年代）RobertHartwell(郝若贝),“Demographic,Political,andSocialTransformationsinChina,750-1550”(1982)“Thisprocedureignoresbothdemographicrealityandtheroleofextendedfamily–theindividualornuclearfamilyisthewrongunitofanalysis.”“Ifunclesareincluded,alongwithpaternalgrandfathersandgreat-grandfathers,thenKracke’sandHo’spercentagesforinter-generationalmobilityarerenderedmeaningless.…Whenaffinalrelativesareconsidered,itbecomesevenmorelikelythata‘newman’possessedamaternaluncle,grandfather,orafather-in-lawwhohavepursuedabureaucraticcareer.”2019/10/308第九讲科举制、士大夫与宋代社会RobertHymes（韩明士）,StatesmenandGentlemen:TheEliteofFu-chou,Chiang-hsi,inNorthernandSouthernSung(1986)“Kracke’sconclusionsmightberescuedifonearguedthatinfactonlydirectlinealtiesdeterminedsocialstatusorwerepoliticallyeffective.ButthisassumptionwouldflyinthefaceofmuchofwhatweknowaboutkinshiptiesinSungandinotherperiods.Inthefirstplace,someSungmenlivedinjointhouseholds,whosemembersshareddescentfromadeceasedancestorseveralgenerationsbeforethem….Butapartfromthesecases,whichseemtohavebeenrarewhenthecommonancestorwasnotanofficial,itisclearthateffectivekintiesnormallyextendedwellbeyondthehouseholdassuch.”RobertHymes教授2019/10/309第九讲科举制、士大夫与宋代社会科名录：18位抚州进士（3位皇室成员）“Onbothmethodologicalandempiricalgrounds,then,Kracke’sfigurescannotbeacceptedastheystand:everythingsuggeststhattheygreatlyoverestimatethespeedatwhichmenunrelatedtoofficialsmovedintooffice.”——RobertHymes2019/10/3010四、牟复礼的看法与何炳棣的回应（1999年以来）F.W.Mote(牟复礼),ImperialChina,900-1800(1999):1、Kracke的方法有问题；而韩明士等人的批评过了头；2、“…theexaminationsystemwasthedefininginstitutionofthesociety”;3、“TheexaminationsystemasitfunctionedduringtheSongdynastynourishedtheidealthatsuccesswasopentoallworthymen.Thatideapervadedthesocietyanditcontributedinlargemeasuretowhatisnowcalled‘newculture’oftheSongandsucceedingages.”4、“…thereislittledisagreementaboutthenumberofjinshithesystemproducedorabouttheirdominanceofofficialdom.”第九讲科举制、士大夫与宋代社会2019/10/3011何炳棣：《读史阅世六十年》（2005）1、韩明士书中对“家”、“族”的定义“松散含混不清”，“举凡抚州志书中所列百年及百年以上同姓同乡里者都可认为是同‘族’，根本不顾官方及世俗之以‘族’为一五服之内的血缘组织”。2、“海氏[按：即Hymes]对抚州一区‘精英’的界说也非常广泛：举凡官员，乡贡，一切寺庙的主要施主，创建或扩充书院、修桥补路、倡修沟渠水道、组织地方自卫者，皆属于‘精英’。甚至与以上任何一类人士有婚姻或师生关系者，也一同视为‘精英’”。第九讲科举制、士大夫与宋代社会2019/10/3012问题1、柯睿格和何炳棣是如何讨论社会流动性的？2、韩明士对柯睿格的批评集中在哪些方面？第九讲科举制、士大夫与宋代社会2019/10/3013参考文献Kracke,EdwardA.“Familyvs.MeritinChineseCivilExaminationsundertheEmpire,”HarvardJournalofAsiaticStudies,10.2(Sept.1947),pp.103-123.Ho,Ping-ti(何炳棣).TheLadderofSuccessinImperialChina:AspectsofSocialMobility,1368-1911.NewYork:ColumbiaUniversityPress,1962.——.《读史阅世六十年》。桂林：广西师范大学出版社，2005年。Hartwell,Robert.“Demographic,Political,andSocialTransformationsinChina,750-1550,”HarvardJournalofAsiaticStudies,42.2(Dec.1982),pp.365-442.Hymes,Robert.StatesmenandGentlemen:TheEliteofFu-chou,Chiang-hsi,inNorthernandSouthernSung.Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,1986.Mote,F.W.ImperialChina,900-1800.Cambridge:HarvardUniversityPress,1999.Elman,Benjamin.ACulturalHistoryofCivilExaminationsinLateImperialChina.BerkeleyandLosAngeles:UniversityofCaliforniaPress,2001.第九讲科举制、士大夫与宋代社会