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§8BridgeDesignandConstruction桥的设计与建造1.Newwordsanalysisaccessory=access(increased)oryDerrick=fromDerrick,thesurnameofaLondonhangmanDebris=orignearly18thcent.:fromFrenchdébris,fromobsoletedébriser'‘breakdown’'Planning.Thefirststepleadingtotheconstructionofamodernmajorbridgeisacomprehensivestudytodeterminewhetherabridgeisneeded.规划设计现代重要的桥梁建造的第一步是广泛地研究以确定桥梁的必要性。Ifitistobeahighwaybridge,intheUnitedStatesforexample,aplanningstudyisinitiatedbyastatebridgeauthority,possiblyincooperationwithlocalgovernmentorthefederalgovernment.比如:如果是美国的高速公路桥,是由州桥管理局研究规划并确定,同时当地的政府或联邦政府一起参与。Studiesaremadetoestimatetheamountofbridgetraffic,thereliefofjammedtrafficinnearbyhighwaynetwork,theeffectsontheregionaleconomy,andthecostofthebridge.桥梁的交通流量、对附近高速公路网交通堵塞的调剂,对当地经济的影响和桥的造价等因素进行评估研究。Themeansforfinancingtheproject,suchaspublictaxesorsaleofrevenuebondsrepaidbytollcharges,areconsidered.Bondn.结合(物),粘结(剂),联结,公债,债券,合同revenuebond收益债券这就决定了工程的投资方式,如公众收费,依靠过通行费来支付的发行债券的规模都要被考虑进来。Ifthestudiesleadtoadecisiontogoaheadwiththeproject,thelandneededforthebridgeanditsapproachesisacquiredattheselectedsite.如果研究认为其可行信,那么桥选址和占地问题将着手处理。Atthispoint,fieldengineeringworkisstarted.Accuratelandsurveysaremade.landsurvey土地测量在确定场地时,现场测绘工作开始进行,做好精确的实地测量。Tides,floodconditions,currents,andothercharacteristicsofthewaterwayarecarefullystudied.潮汐,洪水因素,水流和排水的其它的特征都要仔细研究,Boringsamplesofsoilandrockaretakenatpossiblefoundationlocations,bothonlandandunderthewater.在陆地和水下的泥土和岩石的钻孔取样在基础可能的位置都要尽可能地进行。Selectionofbridgedesign.桥梁设计类型的选择Thechieffactorsindecidingwhetherabridgewillbebuiltasagirder,cantilever,truss,arch,suspension,orsomeothertypeare:(1)location;forexample,crossariver;(2)purposes;forexample,abridgeforcarryingmotorvehicles;(3)spanlength;(4)strengthofavailablematerials;(5)cost;(6)beautyandharmonywiththelocation.决定把桥建成梁、悬臂、桁架、拱、悬索或其他类型结构的主要因素是:(1)地点,如跨越河流;(2)目的,如建桥为了方便交通;(3)跨度;(4)可用材料强度;(5)花费;(6)美观和和谐性。Eachtypeofbridgeismosteffectiveandeconomicalonlywithinacertainrangeofspanlengths,asshowninthefollowingtable:.每种结构类型的桥,只有在一定跨度范围内,才能是最经济和最有效。如下表所示:桥的类型最佳跨度英尺米梁桥20到10006.1到304.8刚架桥80到30024.4到91.4拱桥200到100061.0到304.8桁架桥200到140061.0到426.7悬臂桥500到1800152.4到548.6悬索桥1000到5000304.8到1524.0Asindicatedinthetable,thereisaconsiderableoverlapintherangeofapplicabilityofthevarioustypes.Insomecases,alternativepreliminarydesignsarepreparedforseveraltypesofbridgeinordertohaveabetterbasisformakingthefinal上表表明了不同结构类型的适用性有很多交叉的地方。在一些实例中,在不同的初步设计中,用来比较不同类型的桥是为了在最后有最好的选择。Selectionofmaterials.材料的选择Thebridgedesignercanselectfromanumberofmodernhigh-strengthmaterials,includingconcrete,steel,andawidevarietyofcorrosion-resistantalloysteels.桥梁设计者能选用大量的现代高强材料,包括混泥土、钢筋和多种耐腐蚀的合金钢。FortheVerrazano-NarrowsBridge,forexample,thedesignerusedatleastsevendifferentkindsofalloysteel,oneofwhichhasayieldstrengthof5000poundspersquareinch(psi)(3,515kg/sqcm)anddoesnotneedtobepaintedbecauseanoxidecoatingformsonitssurfaceandinhibitscorrosion.inhibit抑制,约束,[化][医]抑制拿Varian-Narrows大桥来说,设计者使用了七种不同的合金钢,其中之一的合金的屈服强度为50000英镑每平方英寸(3115kg/c㎡),而且不需要油漆保护,因为有一种氧化膜覆盖在它的表面而防止腐蚀。Thedesigneralsocanselectsteelwiresforsuspensioncablesthathavetensilestrengthsupto250,000psi(17,577kg/sqcm).设计者还选用钢丝绳作为悬索,它的抗拉强度超过250000英镑每平方英寸(17577kg/c㎡)Concretewithcompressivestrengthsashighas8,000psi(562.5kg/sqCm)cannowbeproducedforuseinbridges,anditcanbegivenhighdurabilityagainstchippingandweatheringbytheadditionofspecialchemicalagentsandcontrolofthehardeningprocess.chipping碎屑;小碎片weathering侵蚀,风化现在,抗压强度高达8000英镑每平方英尺(562.5kg/c㎡)的混泥土被生产用于桥梁工程,而且它在增加特殊化学物质后具有很高的抗脆裂性能和抗风化性能,Concretethathasbeenpresressedandreinforcedwithsteelwireshasatensilestrengthof250,000psi(17,577kg/sqcm).用钢绞线加强的预应力混凝土,其强度达到250000英镑每平方英寸(17577kg/c㎡)Otherusefulmaterialsforbridgesincludealuminumalloysandwood.桥梁使用的其它材料还有铝合金和木材。Modernstructuralaluminumalloyhaveyieldstrengthsexceeding40,000psi(2,812kg/sqcm).现在的铝合金的屈服强度超过了40000每平方英寸(2818kg/c㎡)。Laminatedstripsofwoodgluedtogethercanbemadeintobeamswithstrengthstwicethatofnaturaltimber;glue-laminatedsouthernpine,forexample,canbearworkingstressesapproaching30,000psi(210.9kg/sqcm).laminated由薄片叠成的把片状的木条粘在一起做成的梁是自然木材强度的二倍。例如用南部松树而胶结的梁能承受的工作应力达到了3000英镑每英寸(210.9kg/c㎡)。Analysisofforces.力的分析Abridgemustresistacomplexcombinationoftension,compression,bending,shear,andtorsionforces.一座桥要抵抗一系列的合力,如拉力,压力,剪力和扭力。Inaddition,thestructuremustprovideasafetyfactorasinsuranceagainstfailure.另外,结构还需要一定的安全系数作为防止破坏的安全储备。Thecalculationoftheprecisenatureoftheindividualstressesandstrainsinthestructure,calledanalysis,isperhapsthemosttechnicallycomplexaspectofbridgebuilding.对结构的各种应力和应变的准确特性进行计算,这就叫应力分析,这或许是桥梁结构中最复杂的技术。Thegoalofanalysisistodeterminealloftheforcesthatmayactoneachstructuralmember.应力分析的目的是为了确定作用在结构上的各种力。Theforcesthatactonbridgestructuralmembersareproducedbytwokindsofloads-staticanddynamic.作用在桥梁结构的力都可以分为二类荷载:动荷载和静荷载。Thestaticload-thedeadweightofthebridgestructureitself-isusuallythegreatestload.Thedynamic,orlive,loadhascomponents,includingvehiclescarriedbythebridge,windforces,andaccumulationsoficeandsnow.静荷载——即桥的自重——它往往也是最大的荷载。动荷载或静荷载有很多,包括桥面上的机动车,风荷载,和积冰积雪荷载。Altho
本文标题:土木工程专业英语(武汉理工大学出版社)lesson_8
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