安全工程专业文献翻译

1AccidentInvestigationsAlthoughaccidentinvestigationisanafter-the-factapproachtohazardidentification,itisstillanimportantpartofthisprocess.Attimeshazardsexist,whichnooneseemstorecognizeuntiltheyresultinanaccidentorincident.Incomplicatedaccidentsitmaytakeaninvestigationtoactuallydeterminewhatthecauseoftheaccidentwas.Thisisespeciallytrueincaseswheredeathresultsandfewornowitnessesexist.Anaccidentinvestigationisafact-findingprocessandnotafault-findingprocesswiththepurposeofaffixingblame.Theendofanyresultofanaccidentinvestigationshouldbetoassurethatthetypeofhazardoraccidentdoesnotexistoroccurinthefuture.Yourcompanyshouldhaveaformalizedaccidentinvestigationprocedure,whichisfollowedbyeveryone.Itshouldbespelledoutinwritingandendwithawrittenreportusingasafoundationofyourstandardcompanyaccidentinvestigationform.Itmaybeyourworkers’compensationformoranequivalentfromyourinsurancecarrier.Accidentsandevennearmissesshouldbeinvestigatedbyyourcompanyifyouareintentonidentifyingandpreventinghazardsinyourworkplace.ThousandsofaccidentsoccurthroughouttheUnitedStateseveryday.Thefailureofpeople,equipment,supplies,orsurroundingstobehaveorreactasexpectedcausesmostoftheaccidents.Accidentinvestigationsdeterminehowandwhythesefailuresoccur.Byusingtheinformationgainedthroughaninvestigation,asimilarorperhapsmoredisastrousaccidentmaybeprevented.Accidentinvestigationsshouldbeconductedwithaccidentpreventioninmind.Investigationsarenottoplaceblame.Anaccidentisanyunplannedeventthatresultsinpersonalinjuryorinpropertydamage.Whenthepersonalinjuryrequireslittleornotreatment，itisminor.Ifitresultsinafatalityorinapermanenttotal,permanentpartial,ortemporarytotal(losttime)disability,itisserious.Similarly,propertydamagemaybeminororserious.Investigateallaccidentregardlessoftheextentofinjuryordamage.Accidentsarepartofabroadgroupofeventsthatadverselyaffectthecompletionofatask.Theseeventsareincidents.Forsimplicity,theproceduresdiscussedinlatersectionsreferonlytoaccidents.Theyare,however,alsoapplicabletoincidents.1.AccidentPreventionAccidentsareusuallycomplex.Anaccidentmayhave10ormoreeventsthatcanbecauses.Adetailedanalysisofanaccidentwillnormallyrevealthreecauselevels：2basic，indirect，anddirect.Atthelowestlevel,anaccidentresultsonlywhenapersonorobjectreceivesanamountofenergyorhazardousmaterialthatcannotbeabsorbedsafely.ThisenergyorhazardousmaterialistheDIRECTCAUSEoftheaccident.Thedirectcauseisusuallytheresultofoneormoreunsafeactsorunsafeconditions,orboth.Unsafeactsandconditionsaretheindirectcausesorsymptoms.Inturn,indirectcausesareusuallytraceabletopoormanagementpoliciesanddecisions,ortopersonalorenvironmentalfactors.Thesearethebasiccause.Inspiteoftheircomplexity,mostaccidentsarepreventablebyeliminatingoneormorecauses.Accidentinvestigationsdeterminenotonlywhathappened,butalsohowandwhy.Theinformationgainedfromtheseinvestigationscanpreventrecurrenceofsimilarorperhapsmoredisastrousaccident.Accidentinvestigationsareinterestedineacheventaswellasinthesequenceofeventsthatledtoanaccident.Theaccidenttypeisalsoimportanttotheinvestigator.Therecurrenceofaccidentofaparticulartypeorthosewithcommoncausesshowsareasneedingspecialaccidentpreventionemphasis.2.InvestigativeProceduresTheactualproceduresusedinaparticularinvestigationdependonthenatureandresultsoftheaccident.Theagencyhavingjurisdictionoverthelacationdeterminestheadministrativeprocedures.Ingeneral,responsibleofficialswillappointanindividualtobeinchargeoftheinvestigation.Anaccidentinvestigationshouldusemostofthefollowingsteps:·Definedthescopeoftheinvestigation.·Selecttheinvestigation.Assignspecifictaskstoeach(preferablyinwriting).·Presentapreliminarybriefingtotheinvestigatingteam.·Visitandinspecttheaccidentsitetogetupdatedinformation.·Intervieweachvictimandwitness.Alsointerviewthosewhowerepresentbeforetheaccidentandthosewhoarrivedatthesiteshortlyaftertheaccident.Keepaccuraterecordsofeachinterview.Useataperecorderifdesiredandifapproved.·Determinethefollowing:·Whatwasnotnormalbeforetheaccident.·Wheretheabnormalityoccurred.·Whenitwasfirstnoted.·Howitoccurred.·Determinethefollowing:3·Whytheaccidentoccurred.·Alikelysequenceofeventsandprobablecauses(direct,indirect,basic).·Alternativesequences.·Determinethemostlikelysequenceofeventsandthemostprobablecauses.·Conductapost-investigationbriefing.·Prepareasummaryreportincludingtherecommendedactionstopreventarecurrence.Distributethereportaccordingtoapplicableinstructions.Aninvestigationisnotcompleteuntilalldataareanalyzedandafinalreportiscompleted.Inpractice,theinvestigationwork,dataanalyzedandreportpreparationsproceedsimultaneouslyovermuchofthetimespentontheinvestigation.3.Fact-FindingInvestigatorcollectsevidencefrommanysourcesduringaninvestigation,getsinformationfromwitnessesandobservationaswellasbyreports,interviewswitnessesassoonaspossibleafteranaccident,inspectstheaccidentsitebeforeanychangesoccur,takesphotographsandmakessketchesoftheaccidentscene,recordsallpertinentdataonmaps,andgetscopiesofallreports.Documentscontainingnormaloperatingproceduresflowdiagrams,maintenancechartso