Philosophy-and-Religions

Chapter2PhilosophyandReligionsAGlimpseofChineseCulture佛，就是一种大胸襟、大智慧、大热爱。无锡灵山大佛大佛南面太湖背倚灵山左挽青龙(山)右牵白虎(山)TajMahal泰姬陵，由殿堂、钟楼、尖塔、水池等构成，全部用纯白色大理石建筑，用玻璃、玛瑙镶嵌，绚丽夺目、美丽无比。有极高的艺术价值。是伊斯兰教建筑中的代表作。世界八大奇迹之一。PartOne:ChinesePhilosophyI.TheDevelopmentofAncientChinesePhilosophyII.TheBasicFeaturesofAncientChinesePhilosophyIII.CharacteristicsofChineseEthicsandMoralityI.TheDevelopmentofChinesePhilosophy1ThephilosophyinPre-Qintimes(先秦子学)2orthodoxphilosophyduringtheHanDynasty(两汉经学)3MetaphysicsduringtheWeiandJindynasties(魏晋玄学)4TheBuddhistphilosophyduringtheSuiandTangdynasties(隋唐佛学)5Neo-ConfucianisminSongandMingdynasties(宋明理学)6ApplicationphilosophyintheMingandQingdynasties(明清实学)ThephilosophyinPre-Qintimes(先秦子学)ThephilosophyinPre-Qintimeswasmarkedbytheemergenceofvariousancientphilosophicalviews.ThemostinfluentialschoolswereConfucianism(儒家),Taoism(道家),Mohism(墨家)Legalism(法家)ConfucianismTheschooltakestheteachingsofConfuciusasitscoreofthoughtandregardsthewordsanddeedsofConfuciusasitshighestcode(准则)ofbehavior.Itadvocatesthebenevolenceandjustice,allegianceandforbearance(仁、义、忠、恕),thedoctrineofthegoldenmean(中庸)andvaluestheethicalrelationsofmen.TaoismBasedontheworkofDaoDeJing,Taoismpromotesthebeliefthatapersonshouldliveasimplelife,nottostriveforwealth,fameorpower,whichwillonlygiveoneworriesandtrouble.Theschoolfavorsthepoliticalprincipleof“achievinggoodgovernmentthroughnon-action”(无为而治)FoundedbyLaoZiandZhuangZi,theschooladvocatesthedoctrinethattheDaoisthecourse,theprinciple,thesubstance,andthestandardofallthings,towhichallofthemmustconform.MohismBaseontheteachingofMozi,theschoolcherishesuniversallovewhichstatesthatifallthepeopleintheworldlovedoneanother,therewillbenohatred,calamities,andhostilities.Inpoliticsandethics,Mohismproposeshonoringvirtuouspeople,opposingfatalism(宿命论)andaggressivewars,andupholdingthriftinessandsimplefunerals.LegalismLegalism,begunbyHanfeizi,espouses(主张)layingdownlawstounifythethoughtofpeople,promotingagriculturetoachieveaffluence(富裕),waging(进行)warstogainstrengthandpower,andestablishingasystemofbureaucracy(官僚制度).II.TheBasicFeaturesofChineseAncientPhilosophy1Stressonspiritualexistence2Stressonpractice3Stressonmorality4Stressonharmony5Stressonintuition1StressonSpiritualExistenceAncientChinesephilosophersstudiesdifferentkindsofphilosophicalproblemsbasedonrealityandexperience,butallofthempaidattentiontothestudyofexistence.allpursueinordertoachievethehighestspiritualstate.e.g.Confucianism’sknowledgeoflifethroughdispositionandconsciousness;Taoism’ssearchforspiritualfreedom;Buddhism’s“Nirvana”(涅磐).2StressonPracticeChineseancientphilosopherswereconcernedwiththerelationshipbetweenknowledgeandpractice.Example:“Topreferitisbetterthanonlytoknowit.Todelightinitisbetterthanmerelytopreferit,Todelightinitisbetterthanmerelytopreferit.”(知之者不如好之者，好之者不如乐之者。)3StressonMoralityEveryschoolofancientChinesephilosophywasakindofmoralphilosophy.Almosteveryphilosophystressedmoralpractice.4StressonHarmonyAncientChinesephilosophystressesonharmony,andthepursuitofharmonybetweenmanandnatureandalsobetweenmanandman.E.g.Menciussaid“OpportunitiesvouchsafedbyHeavenarelessimportantthanterrestrialadvantages,whichinturnarelessimportantthantheunityamongpeople.(天时不如地利，地利不如人和)”5StressontheIntuitionChineseancientphilosophydidnotadheretoformalrulesofstructureandsysteminthoughtandoftenresultedinfragmented(片断的)thoughtswrittenonpaper.Itwasthroughreflectingonlife’sexperiencesandintuitionthatphilosophicalideaswereformed.IIICharacteristicsofChineseEthicsandMoralityTraditionalChineseethicsthatreflectthehighstandardormoralpursuitoftheChinesepeopleandembraceethicalwisdomoflastingvalue:SeekingHarmonyandMaintainingEquilibrium(平衡)2.CollectivismoverIndividualism3.SpiritualLifeoverMaterialLifeToChinesepeople,harmonyispowerfulword.Maintainingequilibriumistheultimatepurposeofharmony.1SeekingHarmonyandMaintainingEquilibrium(平衡)2CollectivismoverIndividualismTraditionalChinesevaluesattachgreatimportancetocollectiveinterest.Anindividual’svaluescanberealizedonlywithinsocietyasawhole,asthatisthegroundworkofone’sexistence.3SpiritualLifeoverMaterialLifeChinesepeopleadvocatemoralityintheirbehavior.Self-cultivationinmoralsisemphasized,andisconsideredtobemoreimportantthanone’smateriallife.PartTwo:ChineseReligionsI.TheTaoistReligionII.BuddhismIII.Islam不研究宗教，就写不好文学史、哲学史和世界史。————毛泽东必须继承一切优秀的文学艺术遗产，批判地吸取其中的一切有益的东西，作为我们此时此地的人民生活中的文学艺术原料，创造作品时候的借鉴。————毛泽东概述世界有哪三大宗教？我国土生土长的宗教是什么？道教:土生土长:Taoism佛教:起源最早:Buddhism基督教:世界最大:Christianism伊斯兰教:最朴实简单:Islamism宗教religion是一种社会意识形态，是支配人们日常生活的外部力量在人们头脑中的一种反映，是人类社会发展到一定阶段出现的历史现象，有其发生、发展和消灭的过程。世界1.教徒人数：约占世界总人口数的2/3；2.三大宗教：基督教(欧洲、美洲和大洋洲)、伊斯兰教(非洲、亚洲)和佛教(亚洲)。我国1.教徒人数：约占全国人口数的1/10；2.多种宗教并存：佛教、道教、伊斯兰教、基督教等；尤其是佛教、道教，对我国的历史、文化、艺术的发展有较深的影响；中国佛教(/道教/伊斯兰教/基督教)协会、中国天主教爱国会(/教务委员会/主教团)、中国基督教“三自”爱国运动委员会等。ITheTaoistReligionTaoismistheindigenous(土生土长的)religioninChina.LuXunoncesaid,“TheChineserootsaredeepinTaoism.IfonetriestocomprehendChinesehistoryandculture,hemustfirstcomprehendTaoismandtheTaoistreligion.”TheTaoistreligi