abstract-writing概述

AbstractWritingwhatisabstract？BriefintroductionAnabstractisabriefsummaryofaresearcharticle,thesis,review,conferenceproceedingoranyin-depthanalysisofparticularsubjectsummarySummaryofabstract•Itmustbeshort,interesting,accurate,andverycarefullyplanned.•Youarelikelytoreadthecontentoftheabstractbeforeanyotherpartsofamanuscript.•Theabstractshouldeffectivelysummarizeallthemajorpointsinthemanuscript.Thisdataisextremelyusefulinmakingapreliminaryassessmentofthepotentialvalueofamanuscripttoyou.•Ifyouarepreparingamanuscriptforapplication,theabstractshouldbewrittenafteryouhaveputtogetheralltheothersections.Abstractrepresentsummariesoftheentirepaper.ContentofabstractAbstractBackgroundandObjectivesresultconclusionmethodTheproportionofeachsectionissametothemanuscriptFunctionandsignificanceBiomedicalresearcherPubMedAbstractTypesofabstracts8①Notveryusefultomanyreaders②4③4④4⑤Notveryusefultomanyreaders①Usuallyveryshort—100wordsorless②1③2④Usuallyveryshort—100wordsorless①Lacksthespecificinformationabouttheresearch②1③Lacksthespecificinformationabouttheresearch①Nojudgments,resultsorconclusionsoftheresearch②Nojudgments,resultsorconclusionsoftheresearchTypesofabstractsDescriptiveabstract/Indicativeabstract①Merelydscribeswhatthereportisabout9①Notveryusefultomanyreaders②4③4④4⑤Amoreusefultypeofabstract①Usuallyveryshort—100wordsorless②1③2④Thelengthvariesbutisrarelymorethan10%ofthelengthoftheentirework①Lacksthespecificinformationabouttheresearch②1③Includespurpose,methods,scope,resultsandconclusionsoftheresearchandtherecommendationsoftheauthor①Nojudgments,resultsorconclusionsoftheresearch②Stilldonotevaluateawork,butdomorethandescribeitTypesofAbstracts①Actsasasurrogate(替代)fortheworkInformativeabstract(majority)10TypesofAbstractsWhichtypeshouldIuse?Refertotheinstructionsprovidedbythepublisher.250+words=informative.Basedonthelengthallowed:100-120words=descriptive;Askyourinstructor11Howtowriteanabstract12HowtowriteKeyprocesselements13Allabstractsshouldinclude:HowtowriteI.Themostimportantinformationfirst.II.Thesametypeandstyleoflanguagefoundintheoriginal,includingtechnicallanguage.III.Keywordsandphrasesthatquicklyidentifythecontentandfocusofthework.IV.Clear,concise(简明的),andpowerfullanguage.14ThingsnottowriteinabstractHowtowrite•Donotrefertootherworks.•Donotaddinformationnotcontainedintheoriginalwork.•Donotdefineterms.•DonotuseabbreviationsTherequirementsofabstractwritingof“Science”and“NEJM”16“Science”:Non-structuredAbstract•themainpurposeofabstractwriting:showingtheresultsandvalueofresearch.•Non-structuredabstractshouldinvolve:thebackground,theresults,themainconclusion.•limitationofwords:nomorethan125.Notes:Differentpapercanbevariousinabstractwriting.17AexampleforNon-structuredAbstract•(A/A1)Theliver-expressedmicroRNA-122(miR-122)isessentialforhepatitisCvirus(HCV)RNAaccumulationinculturedlivercells,(A/A2)butitspotentialasatargetforantiviralinterventionhasnotbeenassessed.(B)Wefoundthattreatmentifchronicallyinfectedchimpanzeeswithalockednucleicacid(LNA)-modifiedoligonucleotide(SPC3649)complementarytomiR-122leadstolong-lastingsuppressionofHCVviremia,withnoevidenceofviralresistanceorsideeffectsinthetreatedanimals.(C)Furthermore,tansciptomeandhistologicalanalysesofliverbiopsiesdemonstratedderepressionoftargetmRNAswithmiR-122seedsites,down-regulationofinterferon-regulatedgenes,andimprovementofHCV-inducedliverpathology.(D)TheprolongedvirologicalresponsetoSPC3649treatmentwithoutHCVreboundholdspromiseofanewantiviraltherapywithahighbarriertoresistance.(From“TherapeuticsilencingofmicroRNA-122inprimateswithchronichepatitisCvirusinfection.”Science2010;327(5962):198-201)(122words)WritingAnalysis(B),(C):mainresults(A):background(D):mainconclusionClauseA1:overallresearchintroductionClauseA2:thespecificresearchinthispaper“itspotentialasatargetforantiviralintervention”.“Theliver-expressedmicroRNA-122(miR-122)isessentialforhepatitisCvirus(HCV)RNAaccumulationinculturedlivercells”.19“NEJM”:StructuredAbstract•limitationofwords:nomorethan250.•structuredabstractshouldinvolve:(1)Background,Methods,Results,Conclusion.(2)themainpointsofthe4parts.20AexampleforNon-structuredAbstract•Background(A)MicroRNAexpressionprofilescanbeusedtodistinguishnormalBcellsfrommalignantBcellsinpatientswithchroniclymphocyticleukemia(CLL).(B)WeinvestigatedwhethermicroRNAprofilesareassociatedwithknownprognosticfactorsinCLL.•Methods(C)WeevaluatedthemicroRNAexpressionprofilesof94samplesofCLLcellsforwhichthelevelofexpressionof70-kDzeta-associatedprotein(ZAP-70),themutationalstatusoftherearrangedimmunoglobulinbeavy-chainvariable-region(IgVH)gene,andthetimefromdiagnosistoinitialtreatmentwereknown.(D)Wealsoinvestigatedthegenomicsequenceof42microRNAgenestoidentifyabnomalities.•Results(E)AuniquemicroRNAexpressionsignaturecomposedof13genes(of190analyzed)differentiatedcasesofCLLwithlowlevelsofZAP-70expressionfromthosewithhighlevelsandcaseswithunmutatedIgVHfromthosewithmutatedIgVH.(F)ThesamemicroRNAsignaturewasalsoassociatedwiththepresenceorabsenceofdiseaseprogression.21•Results(G)Wealsoidentif