中国文化概况-chapter-11

Chapter11ArchitectureAGlimpseofChineseCulture本章教学的目的1.掌握中国古代建筑的特点2.了解中国古代建筑的主要类型3.介绍中国桥梁4.辨认典型的中国风格建筑本章教学的重难点1.中国古代建筑的特点2.中国古代建筑的主要类型3.中国的桥梁4.典型的中国风格建筑本章教学的时间安排教师课堂讲解(60minutes)1.ArchitectureinAncientChina(10minutes)2.FamousStylesofAncientChineseArchitecture(20minutes)3.ChineseBridges(15minutes)4.TypicalChineseStructuresandOrnaments(15minutes)讨论(10minutes)学生课件展示(30minutes)ArchitectureinAncientChinaTheCharacteristicsofChineseAncientArchitectureTraditionally,Chinesearchitecture,fromthevillagehousestoimperialpalaces,featuresthefollowingcharacteristics:TimberframeworkAncientChinesearchitecturefeaturedtimberframeworkasthesupportingstructure.Wallswerenotloadbearing;theywereonlyusedtoseparatespaces.Thetimberframesupportedmostoftheweightofthehouse,sowindows,doors,andwallswerenotrestrictedtocertainlocations.Plain,flexibleandbeautifullayoutChinesestructuresarebasedontheprincipleofbalanceandsymmetry.Themainstructureistheaxis.Thesecondarystructuresarepositionedastwowingsoneithersidetoformthemainroomandyard.ThebuildingmaterialsWoodenancientChinesebuildingsandstructureswerethemostcommonbutsomewerebuiltwitheitherredorgreybricks.TheartisticroofdesignAncientbuildingstendtohavehugeroofswithextendedeaves.Thiswastoensureenoughlightingandavoidthedampeningofthewalls.ThecolorfuldecorationsColoredpaintnotonlyfunctionsasdecoration,butalsoasasignorsymbolofprotection.Initially,paintwasusedonwoodforantisepsiswhilelateritbecameanarchitecturalornament.FamousStylesofAncientChineseArchitectureTherearevariousarchitecturalstylesinChinesehistory,ofwhichtheimperial,religiousandcivilianarchitectureshavetheirowncharacteristics.ImperialArchitectureImperialmausoleumsareimportantexamplesofancientChinesearchitecturesincetheyusuallyrepresentedthehighestarchitecturaltechniquesoftheirtimes.Thesemausoleumswereusuallybuiltagainsthillsormountainsandfaceplains.Otherimperialstructuressuchasdrainagesystemsbeneathhugehillsofclay,wereoftenbuiltbesidethetombs.Imperialpalacesarewhereemperorslivedandadministeredtheircourtduringtheirreign.Theyarethemostrevered,luxuriousandgrandiosearchitecturaltypesfromancientChina.ThenumberninecarriedaspecialmeaninginancientChina.Itwasdeemedthatoddnumbersrepresentyangwhileevennumbersyin.Sincenineisthelargestoddnumberunderten,itwasregardedanextremelyluckynumber.So,emperorslikedtomonopolizeittosymbolizetheirsuperiority.Designsrelatedtonineappearedalmostoneveryimperialstructure.CivilianResidentialHousingSinceChinaisacountryofdiversenaturalenvironmentsandculturaltraditions,itscivilianresidentialhousingfeaturesdiversestyles.Beijingquadrangles(北京四合院)QuadrangledwellingsinBeijingareformedbyfourinward-facinghouses,linkedbyenclosingwalls.Theprincipalroomatthecenteriswherefamilyritualstakeplaceanddistinguishedguestsarewelcomed.Thehousesallfaceacourtyard,connectedbyverandas(走廊).Shanxicavedwellings(窑洞)CavedwellingsarecommoninthenorthwestLoessPlateau(黄土高原)ofChinaandatthemiddleandupperreachesoftheYellowRiver.Thenaturalconditionofdryweather,coldwinterandlimitedtimberleftaroomforthedevelopmentandcontinuityofcavedwellings.Theyarewarminwinterandcoolinsummer.HuizhouresidentialhousesHuizhouresidentialhousesembracedlocalphysicalfeaturesofthearea.Theyincorporatedfengshuiconceptsandaesthetictrends,withblacktiles,whitewallsanddecorationsplacedelegantlyonupturnedeaves.Agardenstylewasamajorfeatureoftheseoldbuildings.Allbuildingshadexquisitewood,stoneandbrickcarvingsonthedoorsandwindows.Hakkacastle-likedwellings(客家土楼)Theoverallbuildingcomplexesareroundorsquare,andsomeinthestyleoflargemansionsorintheshapeoftheEightTrigrams.Thereareusuallythreetofourfloors,butthetallestcomplexeshaveuptosixfloors.Includingthehousesintheyard,suchabuildingusuallyholdsmorethan50families.SomeEthnicHousesDaibamboohouseSquare,two-storybamboohouseshavebeenthetraditionaldwellingsoftheDaipeopleformorethan1,000years.Theupperstoryislivingquarters,supportedby20woodenpolesandaremorethantwometersabovetheground.Theopen-walledlowerstoryisforraisingdomesticanimalsandforstorage.Thebuildinghasanoblique(斜的)roof,shapedasanupsidedownV,coveredwithgrassortiles.Theupperstoryofthehouseisdividedintotwoparts:innerbedroomsandanouterlivingroom.Theupperstoryhasacorridorandabalcony.Stonechamber(雕舫diaofang)ThestonechamberisthemostpopulardwellinginTibetandsomeareasofInnerMongolia.Builtmostlyofstoneandearth,theylooklikediaolou(blockhouse),hencethenameofdiaofang.Thefirstfloorisoftenusedforlivestockandpoultry,andthesecondcontainsbedrooms,livingrooms,kitchensandstorehouses.Somehaveathirdfloorasafamilysutrahallandabalcony.Mongolianyurts(蒙古包)Mongolianyurtsarefelttents.Woodenwattlesarefastenedwithleatherthongsandstudstoformafence-likestructure.Eachpartoftheyurtisquiteconvenienttodisassembleandcarry.ChineseBridgesChinahasinheritedinnumerablebridgesfromherpast.Thereare,itissaid,4millionbridgesifonecountsthestonearchbridgesalone.Inthesouthernregionsofriversandlakes,thelandscapeisdottedwithbridgesofvarioussizesanddescriptions.TheStoneArchBridge(石拱桥)Thefirststonearchbridge