Kant-and-schopenhauer

SublimeEighteenthcenturyGermanphilosophyImmanuelKant伊曼努尔·康德ArthurSchopenhauer亚瑟·叔本华ImmanuelKant伊曼努尔·康德(1724年4月22日－1804年2月12日）德国哲学家，德国古典哲学创始人。他被认为是对现代欧洲最具影响力的思想家之一，也是启蒙运动最后一位主要哲学家。InhisCritiqueofJudgment(1790)《纯粹理性批判》,Kantinvestigatesthesublime,statingWecallthatsublimewhichisabsolutelygreat.HedistinguishesbetweentheremarkabledifferencesoftheBeautifulandtheSublime,notingthatbeautyisconnectedwiththeformoftheobject,havingboundaries,whilethesublimeistobefoundinaformlessobject,representedbyaboundlessness.Kant,in1764,madeanattempttorecordhisthoughtsontheobservingsubject‘smentalstateinObservationsontheFeelingoftheBeautifulandSublime.Heconsidersboththebeautifulandthesublimeas“indefinite”concepts,butwherebeautyrelatestothe“Understanding”,sublimeisaconceptbelongingto“Reason”,and“showsafacultyofthemindsurpassingeverystandardofSense”.Therearethreesectionsinthisarticle.SECTIONONEOftheDistinctObjectsoftheFeelingoftheBeautifulandSublimeKantstatesthatfeelingsofenjoymentaresubjective.Therearetwokindsoffinerfeeling:thefeelingofthesublimeandthefeelingofthebeautiful.Hebelievesthatfeelingsofthebeautifuloccasionapleasantsensationbutonethatisjoyousandsmiling.,whilefeelingsofthesublimearouseenjoymentbutwithhorror.Kantsubdividedthesublimeintothreekinds.Thefeelingoftheterrifyingsublimeissometimesaccompaniedwithacertaindreadormelancholy.Thefeelingofthenoblesublimeisquietwonder.Feelingsofthesplendidsublimearepervadedwithbeauty.SECTIONTWOOftheDistinctionoftheBeautifulandSublimeintheInterrelationsoftheTwoSexesKantassertsthatwomenpredominantlyhavefeelingsforallthatisbeautiful.Men,onthecontrary,havemostlyfeelingsforthesublime.Anyotherfeelingsthatareonlyfortheenhancementofthemainfeeling.Kantadmits,though,thatthedistinctionisnotabsolute.Sincewearedealingwithhumanbeings;wemustalsorememberthattheyarenotallalike.KanthelpstorootnotionsofinequalityintheWesternsocialstructure.Forexample,Kantarguesthatawomanislittleembarrassedthatshedoesnotpossesshighinsights.SECTIONTHREEOfNationalCharacteristics,sofarasTheyDependupontheDistinctFeelingoftheBeautifulandSublimeHereKantdescribesthedifferentwaysthatvariouspeoplehavefinerfeelings.Hequalifieshisremarksbystating,[W]hetherthesenationaldifferencesarecontingentanddependuponthetimesandthetypeofgovernment,orareboundbyacertainnecessitytotheclimate,Idonothereinquire.Kantclaimedthathistimewitnessedthesoundtasteofthebeautifulandnobleblossomingforthbothintheartsandsciencesandinrespecttomorals.Hedeclaredthatitisnecessarytoeducatetheyoungergenerationsothattheywillhavenoblesimplicity,highmorals,andfinerfeelings.ArthurSchopenhauer亚瑟·叔本华(1788年2月22日－1860年9月21日），德国哲学家。他继承了康德对于现象和物自体之间的区分。Inordertoclarifytheconceptofthefeelingofthesublime,Schopenhauerlistedexamplesofitstransitionfromthebeautifultothemostsublime.ThiscanbefoundinthefirstvolumeofhisTheWorldasWillandRepresentation(《作为意志和表象的世界》).ForSchopenhauer,thefeelingofthebeautifulispleasureinsimplyseeingabenignobject.Thefeelingofthesublime,however,ispleasureinseeinganoverpoweringorvastmalignantobjectofgreatmagnitude,onethatcoulddestroytheobserver.•FeelingofBeauty–Lightisreflectedoffaflower.(Pleasurefromamereperceptionofanobjectthatcannothurtobserver).•WeakestFeelingofSublime–Lightreflectedoffstones.(Pleasurefrombeholdingobjectsthatposenothreat,yetthemselvesaredevoidoflife).•WeakerFeelingofSublime–Endlessdesertwithnomovement.(Pleasurefromseeingobjectsthatcouldnotsustainthelifeoftheobserver).•Sublime–TurbulentNature.(Pleasurefromperceivingobjectsthatthreatentohurtordestroyobserver).•FullFeelingofSublime–OverpoweringturbulentNature.(Pleasurefrombeholdingveryviolent,destructiveobjects).•FullestFeelingofSublime–ImmensityofUniverse'sextentorduration.(Pleasurefromknowledgeofobserver'snothingnessandonenesswithNature).://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublime_(philosophy)://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%94%E6%9C%AC%E5%8D%8E