中国文化英语教程Unit-3

Unit3Sunzi’sArtofWar:SourceforAllBooksonWarLead-inTextstudyExercisesContent“Theartofwarisofvitalimportancetothestate.Itisamatteroflifeanddeath,aroadeithertosafetyortoruin.Henceitisasubjectofinquirywhichcanonnoaccountbeneglected.”Lead-inWhat’stheChineseversionoftheselines?Wherearetheyselectedfrom?Whosewordsarethey?Lead-inIntroductionTheStrategicThoughtofSunziTheDialecticalThinkingofSunziSunzi’sCautionAgainstWarTextstudySunzi’sWisdomBeyondtheMilitaryIntroduction•SunWu,respectfullycalledSunzi,wasbornsometimebetween550and540BC,ortowardtheendoftheSpringandAutumnPeriod.•HewasanativeoftheStateofQibutlatermovedtotheStateofWu,wherehebecametheking’strustedstrategist.•Sunzi’sArtofWar(SunziBingfa),isanancientclassicofwar,consistingof13chaptersinabout6,000characters.•Asmanyofthebook’scontentsbearfeaturesoftheWarringStatesPeriod(475-221BC),somescholarsbelievethebookwasprobablywritteninthemiddleofthatperiod.•ItrepresentsthetheoriesofwaroftheSunziSchooloriginatedbySunWu.Introduction•Ofthemorethan3,000booksonwarfromthepre-Qin(before221BC)periodtotheQingDynasty(1616-1911),Sunzi’sArtofWarstandsoutasthegreatestclassic.•Itexcelsovertheotherbooksintermsofstrategydesign,philosophicalgroundingandintacticalapplication.•Overthecenturiesithasbeenrespectedas“thesourceforallbooksonwar(百代谈兵之祖).”IntroductionTheStrategicThoughtsofSunzi•OftherichstrategicthoughtsofSunzi,thefollowingarefouraspectsselectedforillustration:“Planningbeforegoingtowar(先计而后战).”“Onecanfightandwinahundredwarsifoneknowsbothoneselfandtheenemy(知彼知己，百战不殆).”“Thearmysurvivesbytreachery(兵以诈立).”“Winningawarwithoutfightingit(不战而屈人之兵).”TheStrategicThoughtsofSunzi孙子曰：兵者，国之大事，死生之地，存亡之道，不可不察也。故经之以五事，校之以计，而索其情：一曰道，二曰天，三曰地，四曰将，五曰法。——《孙子兵法始计第一》“Planningbeforegoingtowar.”•Beforeenteringawar,onemustcompareandanalyzeallfactorsofbothsides,whichmainlyinclude:morale(士气),climate,terrain,commanders,andrules.•ThefiveaspectsforconsiderationduringwarwereechoedbyCarlvonClausewitz(1780-1831),aGermanwarexpert,as“strategicfactors”.•Oneortwoofthesefactorsareinsufficientforonetojudgethefeasibilityandconsequencesofawar.Considerationmustbegiventoallthesefactorsandtheircombinations.•Suchholistic(全面的)thinkingisaspecialfeatureofSunzi’sArtofWar.TheStrategicThoughtsofSunzi“Onecanfightandwinahundredwarsifoneknowsbothoneselfandtheenemy.”知彼知己，百战不殆；——《孙子兵法谋攻第三》•Thepurposeofconsideringtheabovefiveaspects,istoknowtherealsituationonbothsides.TheStrategicThoughtsofSunzi•Itisnoteasytogettoknowtheenemy,becausetheydotheirbesttokeeptheirsecretsandresorttoallsortsofdeception.•Theoddsforwinningarehalfandhalfifoneknowsoneselfbutnottheenemy.Andoneisboundtofailifoneknowsneitheroneselfnortheenemy.TheStrategicThoughtsofSunzi不知彼而知己，一胜一负；不知彼不知己，没战必败。——《孙子兵法谋攻第三》“Thearmysurvivesbytreachery.”TheStrategicThoughtsofSunzi•Sunzisaid,“Theuseofforceisactuallytheuseoftreachery.”•Inhisdiscussionof“strategy”inOnWar,CarlvonClausewitzattributesitsoriginto“treachery”.•By“treachery”Sunzimeantitiscrucialtodeceivetheenemywithfalseimpressions.•Treacheryismeanttoentice(诱使)theenemytomakeallsortsofmistakes,defeatingthemaftertheyallintoastateofchaos.•Italsomeans“attackingtheenemyatanunexpectedtimeandplace”.•Itisbyusingtreacherythatanexpertofwardevisesstrategiesatheadquarterswhiledirectinghisarmyathousandmilesawaytovictory.TheStrategicThoughtsofSunzi“Winningawarwithoutfightingit.”•ToSunzi,thepurposeofawaristowinvictory,nottokillasmanypeopleaspossible.•Itisbesttotakeoveracityintactandtowinvictorythroughminimalkilling.•Thisistheprincipleofa“decentvictory”.TheStrategicThoughtsofSunzi•Itisnotplausibletofightandwinwars.•It’sidealtoachievevictorythroughmeansotherthanwar,suchaspolitics,diplomacy,andotherdeterrent(威慑的)measures.•TheseideasofSunzireflecthisdeepunderstandingofwhatwetodaycall“holisticwar(整体战争)”.TheStrategicThoughtsofSunziTheDialecticalThinkingofSunzi•TherichphilosophicalthoughtinSunzi’sArtofWarhasarousedgreaterandgreaterattentionfromscholarsofancientChinesephilosophy.TheDialecticalThinkingofSunziChangeability•Situationsofwararechangeableateverymoment,perhapsthemostchangeableofallthingsintheworld.•Towinawar,thecommandermustbeabletokeepabreastofandadapttosuchchanges.故兵无常势，水无常形；能因敌变化而取胜者，谓之神。——《孙子兵法虚实第六》TheDialecticalThinkingofSunzi•Sunzisaid,“thereisnofixedwayofusingforce,justasthereisnofixedformtowater.Hewhocanwinavictorybyadaptingtochangesinenemyforcesisamasteroftheartofwar.”Changesintheoppositedirection乱生于治，怯生于勇，弱生于强。——《孙子兵法败敌势第五》•Contrastingsituationsmaychangeintotheiropposites.Thus,itisnotuncommonforanarmytoturnfailureintovictoryorviceversa.TheDialecticalThinkingofSunzi•Sunziremindedcommanderstobeawarenotonlyofpotentialgainsbutalsoofpotentiallosses.投之亡地然后存，陷之死地然后生。——《孙子兵法九地第十一》）•Inanalyzingchangesinopposingfactorsinwar,Sunzialsoemphasizedpushingthemintotheiroppositesforthebenefitsofone’sowntroops.TheDialecticalThinkingofSunzi•Sunziwasagainstgoingbeyondthelimitsinmilitaryoperations归师勿遏，围师必阙，穷寇勿迫。——《孙子兵法军争第七》战国时期形势图TheDialecticalThinkingofSunziSunzi’sCautionsAgainstWar•Asamilitaryclassic,Sunzi’sArtofWarprovidesacompletesetofstrate