the-reform-and-opening-up

TheReformandOpening-upIHistoricalBackgroundIIProcessofReformandOpening-upIIIEffectsonChinaandPeople’slivesIVSignificanceofReformandOpening-upIHistoricalBackgroundTheeconomywasheavilydisruptedbythewaragainstJapanandtheChineseCivilWarfrom1937to1949,afterwhichthevictoriousCommunistsinstalledaplannedeconomy.theeconomylargelystagnated(停滞）andwasdisruptedbytheGreatLeapForwardfamineandthepurgesoftheCulturalRevolutionSocialistequalityhaddestroyedtheincentivetoimproveandtheeconomywasriddledwithhugeinefficienciesIIProcessoftheReformandOpening-up1.1978–1984Deng’sfirstreformbeganinagriculture.HerespondedbycollectivizingagricultureandemphasizingtheHousehold-responsibilitycontractsystem(家庭联产承包责任制),whichdividedthelandofthePeople’sCommunes(人民公社）intoprivateplots.Reformswerealsoimplementedinurbanindustrytoincreaseproductivity.Thecountrywasopenedtoforeigninvestmentforthefirsttime.Dengcreatedaseriesofspecialeconomiczonesforforeigninvestment.2.1984–1993Duringthisperiod,DengXiaoping'spoliciescontinuedbeyondtheinitialreforms.Controlsonprivatebusinessesandgovernmentinterventioncontinuedtodecrease.Anotabledevelopmentwasthedecentralizationofstatecontrol,leavinglocalprovincialleaderstoexperimentwithwaystoincreaseeconomicgrowthandprivatizethestatesector.HealsoreopenedtheShanghaiStockExchangeclosedbyMao40yearsearlier.3.1993–2005DespiteDeng’sdeathin1997,reformscontinuedunderhishandpickedsuccessors,JiangZeminandZhuRongjiwhowereardent（热心的）reformers.In1997and1998,large-scaleprivatizationoccurred,inwhichallstateenterprises,exceptafewlargemonopolies,wereliquidatedandtheirassetssoldtoprivateinvestors.4.2005–presentTheconservativeHu-WenAdministrationbegantoreversemanyofDengXiaoping'sreformsin2005.Itincreasedsubsidiesandcontroloverthehealthcaresector,haltedprivatization,andadoptedaloosemonetarypolicy.IIIEffectsonChinaandPeople’slives1.EffectsonChinaEconomyChina'seconomicgrowthsincethereformhasbeenveryrapid,exceedingtheEastAsianTigers.EconomistsestimateChina’sGDPgrowthfrom1978to2005at9.5%ayear.SincethebeginningofDengXiaoping'sreforms,China'sGDPhasrisentenfold.Averagewagesrosesixfoldbetween1978and2005,whileabsolutepovertydeclinedfrom41%ofthepopulationto5%from1978to2001.PoliticsInpractice,theChineseCommunistPartyhassummedupthetheoryofbuildingsocialismwithChinesecharacteristics.Chineseforeignpolicy,orientedtowardpeacefuldevelopmentandnon-interferenceintheinternalaffairsofothercountries,hascreatedafriendlyinternationalenvironmentforChina'sswiftdevelopment.CultureLiteratureandtheartsexperiencedagreatrevivalinthelate1970sand1980s.Traditionalformsflourishedonceagain,andmanynewkindsofliteratureandculturalexpressionwereintroducedfromabroad.2.EffectsonPeople’slivesClothesFoodHouseTransportation70swatchbikesewing-machine80sTVsetrefrigeratorwashingmachine90sair-conditioncomputermobilephone21stcarhouseExclusivefurnitureIVSignificanceoftheReformandOpening-upOneoutstandingachievementisthatChina'seconomicandcomprehensivenationalstrengthshavebeencontinuouslyenhancedandthelivingstandardsandwelfareofthepeoplehavebeenfurtherimproved.Chinaiscurrentlytheworld'ssecondlargesteconomyintermsofgrossdomesticproduct(GDP).Anotherimportantchangehastakenplaceinthemindsetofthepeople.Thankstoreformandopeningup,theChinesepeoplearefreerandmoreindependent.RevolutionsinspiritualandintellectuallifehavemotivatehundredsofmillionsofpeoplewhodevotedthemselveswithcreativityandenthusiasmtoChina'ssocio-economicdevelopment.Thankyou!