认知语用学

2010.12.16LifeCourseDevelopment13.FeaturesofPragmaticInference4.TheDynamicModelofPragmaticInference2010.12.16LifeCourseDevelopment23.FeaturesofPragmaticInferenceabTheprocessofinferentialcommunicationis“global”asopposedto“local”.Theprocessofinferentialcommunicationisnon-demonstrative.cdInferenceisinstantaneousandspontaneous.Inferencecanbesimulated.2010.12.16LifeCourseDevelopment3JerryFodor(1983)认知观认知机制输入系统inputsystem中心系统centralsystem处理视觉、听觉、语言解码等感性信息（perceptualinformation）接受输入系统和记忆中的信息，并进行推理↙↘语用推理属于中心系统2010.12.16LifeCourseDevelopment4逻辑推理与语用推理的区别逻辑推理语用推理1.纯理性的思维活动1.理性思维同非理性的思维相结合2.静态推导2.同语境相结合的动态推导3.只考察大小前提中的客体，不与主体关联3.主体对象化与客体，同时客体又同化与主体4.决定论，排除偶然性，游移性4.既考察必然性又考察偶然性，在两者的有机结合中把握结论5.求出客观性的知识5.不一定着眼于客观性知识，不排除主观经验附会(徐盛桓，1991）2010.12.16LifeCourseDevelopment54.TheDynamicModelofPragmaticInference•4.1Cognition,RelevanceandAbductionAccordingtoJiangYan(2002),inferentialmechanismofverbalcommunicationcanbedecomposedasthefollowing:thespeakercanestablishtherelevanceofanutterancebya.searchingformaximalcontextualeffectsb.minimizingprocessingefforts2010.12.16LifeCourseDevelopment64.1Cognition,RelevanceandAbduction•Sperber＆Wilsonalsorepeatedlyemphasizetheimportanceoflogicalknowledge.•语篇接受者从一个假设推导出另一个假设，直到找到具有最佳关联性的结论。语用推理过程中运用的推理规则是演绎规则。（Sperber＆Wilson,2001)AlthoughSperber＆Wilsonemphasizedeductivereasoninginpragmaticinference,theprocessofinferencealsocoversabductivereasoning.2010.12.16LifeCourseDevelopment7b.Preparingforanexamtakessometime.c.Generallyspeaking,onecannotbothgotothemovieandprepareforanexamatthesametome.d.Therewillbemanypeopleatthecinema.a.Goingtothemovietakessometime.AHereisanexample:A:Shallwegotothemovie?B:Ihaveanexamtomorrow.4.1Cognition,RelevanceandAbduction2010.12.16LifeCourseDevelopment84.1Cognition,RelevanceandAbduction•Therefore,wecanseefromtheabovedetailsthatthekindoflogicalinferenceinRelevanceTheoryinvolvesabductivereasoningaswellasdeductivereasoning,butSperber＆Wilsondonotclearlypointoutabduction.2010.12.16LifeCourseDevelopment9DeductivereasoningInductivereasoningThreetypesofreasoningofformallogicAbductivereasoning4.1Cognition,RelevanceandAbductionCertainly,wecannotdoitwithoutthehelpofcognitivecontext.Thecontextischosenbutnotgiven.※Logicisregardedasthestudyofvalidinference.Inferencemeansformingaconclusionfrompremise.Andtheutteranceinterpretationisalsotoreachaconclusionfromthespeaker’sutterance,whichisalsothroughthehearer’sinference.2010.12.16LifeCourseDevelopment104.2TheDynamicModelAbductivereasoningDeductivereasoningInductivereasoningStimulatedbysomesurprisingfactsorutterancesandactiveencyclopedicknowledgestoredinhumanmind.Thereasonerregardstheconclusiondrawfromabductivereasoningasthemajorpremiseandthepropositiondecodedfromtheostensiveutteranceastheminorpremise,drawanewconclusion:positiveornegative.Testifywhetherthisnewlydrawnconclusionistrueorfalse.Duringtheprocessofinductivereasoning,thereasoneralsoreferstothedynamiccontextandnewinformationgivenbythecontext.Adynamicprocesstoacquireknowledge2010.12.16LifeCourseDevelopment114.2TheDynamicModel•Hereisanexample:A:CanMarytype?B:Sheusedtobeasecretary.2010.12.16LifeCourseDevelopment124.2TheDynamicModelAsecretarymighttype.Marywasasecretary.Asecretarymighttype.MarymighttypenoobjectionMarycantype.Marycan’ttype.Marycanonlytakeshorthand.Maryusedtobeasecretary.MajorpremiseMinorpremisedeductionabductionpositivenegativeinductionconclusionpremise﹉﹉↓↓↓﹉﹉／﹨↓↓2010.12.16LifeCourseDevelopment134.3ConfirmationoftheDynamicModel•Inthispart,wewillfurtherillustrateandtestifythismodelwithmanymorecommonfoundexamples.A:DoyoulikeRugby?B:I’maNewZealander.a.BwasborninNewZealand.b.NewZealandisaverybeautifulandrichcountry.c.NewZealandisfamousforitsMaoriculture.d.NearlyallNewZealandersloverugbycrazily.I’maNewZealander.(activatesthebackgroundknowledgestoredinA’smind)2010.12.16LifeCourseDevelopment144.3ConfirmationoftheDynamicModel•Let’sseeanotherexampleinwhichthehearermusttakemorecontextualfactorsintoaccount.•A:Willyouhavesomecoffee?•B:Coffeewouldkeepmeawake.2010.12.16LifeCourseDevelopment154.3ConfirmationoftheDynamicModel.Bwantstokeepawake.Bwantstodrinkcoffee.Bwantstodrinkcoffee.Bdon’twanttodrinkcoffee..Coffeewouldkeepmeawake.MajorpremiseMinorpremisedeductionabductionpositivenegativeinductionconclusionpremise﹉﹉↓↓↓﹉﹉／﹨↓↓CoffeemakespeopleexcitedCoffeemakespeopleexcitedAandBmustfinishdoingtheirjobthatnight.Itisalreadylateandtheymusthaveasleep.2010.12.16LifeCourseDevelopment164.3ConfirmationoftheDynamicModel•Nowlet’sseeanotherexampleinwhichthereexistssomewhatambiguity.•A:DidMikepaybackthemoneyheowedyou?•B:Heforgottogotothebank.Afinancialinstitutionwheremoneyiskeptandtakenout(homonyms)Landslopingupalongeachsideofariverbank2010.12.16LifeCourseDevelopment174.3ConfirmationoftheDynamicModel.Mikedidn’tgotothebank.Mikerepaythemoney..Heforgottogotothebank.MajorpremiseMinorpremisedeductionabductionpositivenegativeinductionconclusionpremise﹉﹉↓↓↓﹉﹉／﹨↓↓PeoplegotothebanktodrawoutmoneyPeoplegotothebanktodrawoutmoneynoobjectionMikewenttothebanktodateagirl.Mikedidn’trepaythemoney.Mikedidn’trepaythemoney