高中英语句子成分和句子种类-(1)

1句子成分和句子种类详解句子成分和结构是英语的基础，是理解和表达英语的关键。英语中许多词类都对句子成分和结构有影响。英语中的句子是由词或短语组成的，这些词或短语在句子中起一定的作用，叫做句子成分。英语的篇章是由句子构成的，不同的内容需要不同类型的句式结构，这些句式结构又构成英语中不同的句子类型。学习英语句法的基础是了解句子成分、句子的基本结构和句子种类。I句子成分组成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分包括主语、谓语、表语、宾语、同位语、定语、状语和补足语等。主语和谓语是句子的主体部分；表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语等是句子的次要部分。1.主语：主语说明谓语动作或状态的执行者，常用的作主语的词类有：名词（短语）、代词、数词、不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）和从句。Subjectisthetopicorthemeofthesentence,whichtellsofwhatthesentenceisabout.1）名词：Thestudentsarelearninggrammar.Ourteacherspeaksveryfast.2）代词：Sheiswriting.Helikesplayingtennis.3）数词：Fiveisanoddnumber.Sixismyfavouritenumber.4）不定式：TolearnEnglishwellisimportant.Itisnoteasytorememberallrules.5）动名词：Swimmingisinteresting.Learninggrammarwellisdifficult.6）主语从句：WhatIsaidistrue.Whatwecan'tgetseemsbetterthanwhatwehave.2.谓语：谓语用来描述主语的行为动作或所处的状态。谓语的中心词是限定动词，有人称、数和时态的变化。Predicatesayssomethingaboutthesubjectandbearsthenewinformationwhichthespeakerorwriterwantstotransmittothelistenerorreader.1）简单谓语动词：Heboughtadictionaryyesterday.动词短语：Heislookingforhispen.2）复合谓语系动词+表语：Wearestudents.情态动词+不定式：Imaybewrong.动词+不定式：Wehavetodosomethingforthem.3.表语：表语与前面的系动词一起构成复合谓语，用来说明主语的特征、类属、状态、身份等。充作表语的可以是单词、短语或从句。Predicativeexpressesthestatus,characteristicsorthequalityofthesubject.1）名词：Heisadoctor.Mr.Scottisafarmer.2）代词：Itisme.That'ssomethingwehavealwaystokeepinmind.23）数词：Myluckynumberisnine.Shewasthefirsttolearnaboutit.4）形容词：Theclassroomisbig.Hishairhasgonewhite.5）副词：Iamhere.6）介词：Weareintheclassroom.7）动名词：Myjobisteachingthemgrammar.=Teachingthemgrammarismyjob.8）分词：Thefilmisexciting.Timeispressing.Let'shurryup.9）不定式短语：Myjobistoteachthemgrammar.AllIcandoistosendheratelegram.10）表语从句：Helooksasifheweregoingtocry.Thesuggestionisthatweshouldrecitemorewords.注意：名词：身份、性质、内容。形容词：特点、特征。4.宾语：宾语为动作的承受者。Objectrepresentsthepersonorthethingthatsomethingisdonetoorthepersonwhoisconcernedintheresultofanaction.1）名词：Heisdrinkingwater.I'veboughtanEnglish-Chinesedictionary.2）代词：Theteacheristalkingtoher.Theydidn'tpromisehimanything.3）数词：Ilikesix.Iwantthefirst.4）动名词：HelikeswatchingTV.Ienjoyedworkingwithyou.5）不定式：Iwanttobuyabook.Myfatherlikestoswiminwinter.6）宾语从句：Heaskedifhemightgothere.Didyouwritedownwhatshesaid?注意：英语有单宾语、双宾语、复合宾语、同源宾语等。1）单宾语：Icanhardlyheartheradio.Wouldyoupleaseturnitup?Pleasestopmakingnoise.DoyouunderstandwhatImean?2）双宾语：双宾语指动词后面接指人和指物的两个宾语。（指人的宾语叫间接宾语；指物的宾语叫直接宾语）其结构为：主语+及物动词（短语）+sb.+sth.Pleasetellmehowtheaccidentcameabout.（me为间接宾语，how从句为直接宾语）Theteacheraskedmeaquestion.（me为间接宾语，aquestion为直接宾语）3当直接宾语与间接宾语位置调换时，须在间接宾语前加介词to/for等。Wouldyouliketodomeafavor?=Wouldyouliketodoafavorforme?3）复合宾语：“宾语+宾语补足语”构成了复合宾语，宾语与补足语之间具有逻辑上的主谓关系。Weallfindhimaniceboy.（him为宾语，aniceboy为宾语补足语）Isawastrangerwavingtome.（astranger为宾语，wavingtome为宾语补足语）4）同源宾语：同源宾语指由名词担任的能重复动词部分或全部意思的直接宾语，前面常有修饰语。laughagoodlaugh大笑smileagentlesmile微微一笑liveahappylife过着幸福生活dieagloriousdeath死得光荣dreamabeautifuldream作美梦singasweetsong唱了一首甜美的歌blowaheavyblow沉重地一击5.同位语：对句子中某一成分作进一步解释、说明，与前面的词在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分叫做同位语。同位语常常置于被说明的词之后。Appositiveisthefurtherinformationafteranounorapronounreferringtowhoorwhat.1）名词：ZhangSir,ourgrammarteacherishumorous.ThisisMr.Zhou,directorofourhospital.2）代词：Hehimselfdidit.3）数词：Theyear,1988isimportant.Wetwowillgoshoppingthisafternoon.4）动名词：Mytask,lookingafterthesechildrenisimportant.5）不定式：Myjob,toteachthemgrammarishard.6）同位语从句：Ihadnoideathatyouwerehere.Thesuggestionthatweshouldrecitemorewordsisuseful.6.定语：定语是用来描述名词或代词的修饰语，它常和名词构成名词短语。Attributiveisusedtomodifyanounorapronoun.前置定语：1）名词：IwantanEnglish-Chinesedictionary.Hehasboughtagrammarbook.2）代词：Thisismybag.Nodifficultywhatevercanstopouradvance.3）数词：Therearetwopolicemaninthestreet.Pleasereadthefirstparagraph.4）冠词：Thisisadesk.5）形容词：Ilikeredapples.Hegavemeavividdescriptionofthebattle.6）动名词：Thisisasleepingcar.Theswimmingpooliswonderful.4后置定语：7）副词：Thestudentsherearegood.Thebuildingsaroundareofmodernconstruction.8）介词：Thestudentsintheclassroomaregood.Thebookonthedeskismine.9）不定式：Ihaveanappletoeat.Ihavealotofhomeworktodo.注意：当句子的主语是不定式动作的发出者时，不定式用主动形式表被动。10）定语从句：Thestudentswhoareintheclassroomaregood.Theboywhowenttothelibraryisourmonitor.注意：是作前置定语还是后置定语取决于自身的长度。11）分词：现在分词：Thisisasleepingboy.Thesleepingboyismybrother.Therearesomeboysplayingoutside.过去分词：Thisisabrokenglass.Sheistakingcareofthenewly-bornchild.Wemustsolvetheproblemsleftbyhistory.注意：动名词作定语，表示所修饰名词的性质或用途。Thisisasleepingcar.=Thisisacarusedforsleeping.分词作定语，表示所修饰名词的动作或状态。Ilikethechildrenplayingontheground.Thisisaglassbrokenbythatkid.7.状语：状语是用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或句子的一种成分。它可以表示时间、地点、方式、比较、程度、原因、目的、结果、条件和让步等。Adverbialisusuallyusedtomodifyaverb,anadjective,anadverborasentence.英语中有十大状语：1）时间状语：HeistoflytoLondontomorrow.2）地点状语：ThemeetingwasheldinHarbin.3）方式状语：Theworkerstherearepaidbytheweek,notbythemonth.4）比较状语：Heworkedasfastasaskilledworker.5）程度状语：Heloveshissonverymuch.6）原因状语：Becauseofthewarmandsunnyweather,orangesgrowverywellhere.7）目的状语：Wedoitinthiswaysoastosavetime.8）结果状语：Hereturnedhometofindhisfatherdead.59）条件状语：Withoutplants,animalscouldnotliveintheworld.10）让步状语：Inspiteofallhisefforts,hefailed.注意：十大状语，九大状语从句。程度状语没有状语从句，由程度副词或现在分词来担任。1）名词：HewillgotoJapantomorrow.2）副词：Li