英语中的平行结构-Parallelism

Parallelism-排比1、Definition2、Effects3、Types5、SemanticfeaturesCatalogue4、AttentionsDefinitionIngrammar,parallelismisabalanceoftwoormoresimilarwords,phrases,orclauses.Theapplicationofparallelisminsentenceconstructioncansometimesimprovewritingstyle,clearness,andreadability.排比也被称为对句法、平行结构或平行构造,是由两个或两个以上结构相同或相似、内容相关、证据一致的短语、句子或段落排列在一起，用来加强语势强调内容，加重感情的修辞方式。特点是结构上整齐匀称，读起来铿锵有力。英语平行结构是指连接两个或以上对等的词和对等的结构，常见的有并列连词and,but,aswellas,or,bothand,neither…nor,either…or,notonly…butalso,than,ratherthan等。Effects1.Illustratetheideaclearly用于描述，语意畅达，条理清晰，简洁美观Eg:Myfellowcitizens,Istandheretodayhumbledbythetaskbeforeus,gratefulforthetrustyouhavebestowed,mindfulofthesacrificesbornebyourancestors.------Obama三个代表：中国共产党必须始终代表中国先进生产力的发展要求,代表中国先进文化的前进方向,代表中国最广大人民的根本利益。Effects2.Tolyricism,improveexpressiveforceandappealEg:Sinkorswim,liveordie,surviveorperish,Igivemyhandandmyhearttothisvote.(无论沉浮，无论生死，无论幸存还是丧命，我都为这次选举尽心尽力。)….Whataboutbabies(whataboutus)婴儿呢Whataboutthedays(whataboutus)岁月呢Whataboutalltheirjoy(whataboutus)他们所有的欢乐呢Whatabouttheman(whataboutus)人类呢Whataboutthecryingman(whataboutus)哭喊的人们呢WhataboutAbraham(whataboutus)亚伯拉罕呢Whataboutdeathagain(ooo,ooo)再问一次,死亡呢….Effects3.Toargument,havearigorouslogicandtheforceofathunderboltwiththebalancedstructure.审讯员：“你在本市偷过几次东西，都是些什么？”嫌疑人：“我是来市里走亲戚的，没有偷东西。”审讯员：“走亲戚为什么说不上亲戚的名字？走亲戚为什么不带礼物偏带螺丝刀？走亲戚为什么在半夜里四处乱跑？既然亲戚在市里，你到郊区来干什么？”舜发于畎亩之中，傅说举于版筑之中，胶鬲举于鱼盐之中，管夷吾举于士，孙叔敖举于海，百里奚举于市。Types---ParallelwordsHewasamanofmeanunderstanding,littleinformation,anduncertaintemper.他——正直,善良,坦荡,风趣,可爱,开朗,乐观,优雅,迷人,精力充沛,爱憎分明,张扬又内敛,专情又风情,纯真又性感,温柔又彪悍……最重要的是，他未婚。他是个智力贫乏、不学无术、喜怒无常的人。Types---ParallelphrasesStudiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.Withthisfaithwewillbeabletoworktogether,topraytogether,tostruggletogether,togotojailtogether,tostandupforfreedomtogether,knowingthatwewillbefreeoneday.（我们带着这个信念，将能够一起工作、一起祈祷、一起战斗、一起下牢、一起为为自由坚贞不屈。我们知道，总有一天，我们将获得自由。）读书足以怡情，足以博彩，足以长才。Types---ParallelclausesAfatherwhospendstimewithhissonandwhothoughtfullyanswershisson’squestionwillberespectedandloved.Types---ParallelsentencesWeshallfighthimbyland,weshallfighthimbysea,weshallfighthimintheair.--------W.S.Churchill我们将在陆地上与他作战；我们将在海上与他作战；我们将在天空中与他作战。Types---ParallelparagraphsIhaveadreamthatonedaythisnationwillriseupandliveoutthetruemeaningofitscreed:Weholdthesetruthstobeself-evident,thatallmenarecreatedequal.IhaveadreamthatonedayontheredhillsofGeorgia[ˈdʒɔ:dʒə],thesonsofformerslavesandthesonsofformerslaveownerswillbeabletositdowntogetheratthetableofbrotherhood.IhaveadreamthatonedayeventhestateofMississippi,astatesweltering[ˈsweltə]withtheheatofinjustice,swelteringwiththeheatofoppression,willbetransformedintoanoasis[oˈesɪs]offreedomandjustice.Ihaveadreamthatmyfourlittlechildrenwillonedayliveinanationwheretheywillnotbejudgedbythecoloroftheirskinbutbythecontentoftheircharacter.Ihaveadreamtoday!Ihaveadreamthatoneday,downinAlabama[ˌæləˈbæmə],withitsviciousracists[ˈreisist],withitsgovernorhavinghislipsdrippingwiththewordsofinterpositionandnullification--onedayrightthereinAlabamalittleblackboysandblackgirlswillbeabletojoinhandswithlittlewhiteboysandwhitegirlsassistersandbrothers.Ihaveadreamtoday!Attentions---TheTipsforParallelismUsage1.注意由并列连词或等立连词连接的成分在语法形式上是否相同，既都是形容词，或都是介词短语，或都是不定式，或都是动名词等。Eg:Intheteachingofmathematics,thewayofinstructionisgenerallytraditional,withteacherspresentingformallecturesandstudentstakingnotes.2.注意比较结构中相比较的内容在语法形式上是否相同。Eg:Itisbettertodieonone’sfeetthantoliveonone’sknees.3.如果平行的两个成分在形式上是介词短语，而且介词相同，一般说来第二个介词不要省略。Eg:Attimes,morecaregoesintothecompositionofnewspaperandmagazineadvertisementsthanintothewritingofthefeaturesandeditorials.Attentions---TheTipsforParallelismUsage1.Tosayiseasierthando.2.Inmanyways,ridingabicycleisasimilartodriveacar.3.Theproductionmanagerwasaskedtowritehisreportquickly,accuratelyandinadetailedmanner.drivedriving------Tosayiseasierthantodo.thoroughly4.Thesalesmanexpectedthathewouldpresenthisproductatthemeeting,thattherewouldbetimeforhimtoshowhisslidepresentation,andthatquestionswouldbeaskedbyprospectivebuyers.prospectivebuyerswouldaskhimquestions.Semanticfeaturesofparallelism1.Wecangainknowledgebyreading,byreflection,byobservationorbypractice.2.Icame,Isaw,Iconquered.3.ForGod,forAmerican,andforYale.-------耶鲁校训Coordinate:同等，并列。Climax:层进法，将一系列词语按照意义的大小、轻重、深浅、高低等逐层渐进，最后达到顶点。Anticlimax:突降法。