建筑工学理学

1核桃粕发酵饮料预实验（2）一、顺利完成核桃粕发酵饮料的基本制作流程，发酵后的核桃乳放冰箱中冷藏，为测定指标待用二、通过预实验后工艺过程有所修改核桃粕→筛选→预处理→磨（打）浆→过滤→前调配→杀菌→冷却→接种→发酵→澄清、过滤→后调配→均质→冷却→灌装→成品操作要点：1.筛选2.预处理：去皮：采用碱液去皮法，在90~100℃，1%的NaOH溶液中烫漂2.5~3分钟后，立即冷却，用清水反复漂洗并手工去皮。3.磨（打）浆：林业楼117搅拌机之后生物楼206高剪切乳化机4.过滤：将磨浆后的浆液用100目的滤布过滤3至4次，进行浆渣分离，即制得核桃乳。5.前调配：白砂糖7%，增加乳酸菌发酵糖源。6.杀菌：采用巴氏灭菌法，将均质后的核桃乳在水浴锅中60℃~65℃下灭菌3Omin，备用。7.发酵：杀菌后迅速冷却40℃左右，接种量3%，发酵温度发酵温度为40℃,发酵时间为8h,酸度达到77·8°T时终止发酵。8.澄清、过滤：核桃粕中的脂肪含量过多，发酵过后脂肪上浮现象严重，也有未添加稳定剂和未均质的原因。用澄清方式（如何操作的？）去除脂肪层，而后再过滤一次9.后调配：黄原胶0·09%，CMC-Na0·09%，单甘酯0·20%，蔗糖酯0·10%与核桃乳混合搅拌均匀。10.均质：于20MPa~30MPa下高压均质两次。由于实验室没有小型均质机，故不要这一步，可以由生物楼206高剪切乳化机代替。三、去实验室学习凯氏定氮法测蛋白质含量四、计划确定基本测定指标后，用预实验样品联系测定法方法，以及分析测定数据。实验步骤写得很详细，很好！后面需要检测哪些活性指标，也可以列出来考虑一下。2◇◆苗苗组◆◇1.完成抗氧化实验剩余的部分，并作数据结果分析。（见附录1）2.设计提取的正交试验（见附录2）3.完善论文（更新内容见附录3）4.抗血栓实验结果分析3附录1抗氧化实验数据结果Table2TherelationoftheconcentrationofVitaminC/GLAandtheratioofscavengingDPPH(Scavengingratio=(Asample-Ablank)/Ablank*100%)ConcentrationofVC(mg/L)Inhibitionratio(%)ConcentrationofGLA(mg/L)Inhibitionratio(%)10013.180.10.2220024.2811.4540058.96102.1260072.021003.4580091.3310004.46这几个表中的结果值都需要以mean±SE表示。一般统计方法中都会说以下类似的话：Measurementswereperformedintriplicate三次或多次andexpressedasmean±SD或±SE，即±standarddeviation或±standarderror。也就是说，试验要重复（严格地说是多个样本分别检测，而不是同一个样本检测多次），结果值须以平均值±标准差或标准误差表示，以表现出统计学意义。SE相对于SD来说更表现出检测手段的结果精确度（Thestandarderrorofamethodofmeasurementorestimationisthestandarddeviationofthesamplingdistributionassociatedwiththeestimationmethod.）。Table3Hydroxylradicalscavengingactivityofvariousconcentrations(Inhibitionratio=[As-Au]/[Au-Am]*100%)ConcentrationofVC(mg/L)Inhibitionratio(%)ConcentrationofGLA(mg/L)Inhibitionratio(%)5013.840.0014.7210023.130.016.1920032.900.18.4740049.6719.45480063.68109.93Table4lipidperoxidationinhibitoryactivityofvariousconcentrations(Inhibitionratio=(Ac-As/Ac)x100%)ConcentrationofVC(mg/L)Inhibitionratio(%)ConcentrationofGLA(mg/L)Inhibitionratio(%)1023.610.0017.465028.360.0115.1310046.050.124.9350068.49136.11100081.731047.67Fig.4Theinhibitionof10mg/LGLAand100mg/LVCindifferentsituations5附录2单因素实验初筛结果物料比(w/v)gla/DB(wt%)1:80.621:100.651:120.691:150.701:180.72提取时间(min)gla/DB(wt%)溶料比(w/v)300.651:12600.631:12900.691:121200.701:121500.721:12提取温度(℃)gla/DB(wt%)物料比(w/v)提取时间(min)300.231:1290400.331:1290500.371:1290600.671:1290700.831:1290800.451:1290正交设计试验方案3因素3水平水平因素提取料溶比提取时间（min）提取温度（℃）ABC11:10606021:129070631:1512080料液比的间隔不能取成一样吗？利用正交表)3(49L安排试验4：正交表列数（最多可安排的因素数）3：因素的水平数9：正交表行数（试验次数）处理号ABC空GLA提取率（%）1111121222313334212352231623127313283213933217附录3论文intro部分这一部分改得很好，体现了逻辑思路。结果和讨论部分类似，按照论述逻辑引用恰当的别人结果或论点来比较、支持自己的结果或论点。具体修改待你们最后论文统一、完善后从头修改。文中的引用及参考文献列表须严格按照相应杂志要求撰写。γ--linolenicacid(GLA)isoneoftheessentialpolyunsaturatedfattyacids(PUFA)inhumanmetabolismandaprecursorofprostaglandinE1,whichisnotsynthesizedbyhumansbutmustbeconsumedindiet.AccordingtotherecentstudyofYang-YiFan(1998),dietaryGLAincreasedthecontentofitselongateproducts,suchasdihomo-γ-linolenicacid(DGLA)andarachidonic(AA),andthenconvertedtooneparticulartypeofprostaglandinE1.Suchprocessesareofsignificationbecauseallthesecompoundspossessmanypharmacologicalapplications.IthasbeenreportedthatGLAhasaspecialvalueforreductionoflow-densitylipoproteininhyper-cholesterolemicpatientsbyIshikawain1989.ItalsoexhibitedantiviralactionstudiedbyNaiduqrZibohin1992.Besides,otherbeneficialmedicalvaluessuchasanti-diabetics(Cameron,etal.,1996),anti-lipidperoxidation(ZHAOPeng,etal.,2004),anti-thrombus(Kernoff,etal.,1977))activitieshavealsobeenassertedrecentyears.ThetraditionalsourcesofGLAaremanyvegetableseedssuchaseveningprimroseandborageoil.Italsofoundinconsiderablequantitiesinalgae(Deetal.,1999.)andMucoralesfungal(Gandhietal.,1991).Spirulinaplatensis(SP)hasbeenwellrecognizedasahealthyfooduniversallyforproducinglargevarietyofnutritionalcompositions,suchasphycocyanin,vitaminsandminerals.Particularly,astheonlynaturalautotrophrichinpolyunsaturatedfattyacids(Manabe,1992),theγ-linolenicacid(GLA)contentinSPisupto8%-25%oftotalfattyacid(Cohen,1993),whichisfarmorethanthetraditionalsourcessuchaseveningprimrose,blackcurrantandborage(James,81995).Besides,theSpirulinaisrevealedtobenon-toxicandsafebySalazaretal.(1998),whichcontributedtoSPtobeavaluablesourceformuchsoughtafterGLA.Thecurrentmethodsofextractingunsaturatedfattyacidfromalgaincludeorganicsolvent,supercriticalfluidextraction(SCE),ureainclusionandfractionaldistillation.Supercriticalisfavoredbyproducingsolvent-freeextractions;however,theyieldofGLAfromSPwithSCEalonewaslowercomparedtousingethanolasaco-solvent(M.G.Sajilata,2007).Theureainclusionmethodiseasilytohaveurearemaining,whichcouldformacarcinogenicsubstancenamedcarcinogenethylcarbamate(Alkio,etal.,2000).Fractionaldistillationisnewtechnologysupposedtobeavoidingthedegradationofthermallylabilecomponentsbutdemandinghighlyfortheequipment,whichisnotsuitableforindustrialproduction(ChenFang,etal.,2005).Thus,tosatisfytheincreasingneedandconsumptionofγ-linolenicacidandtoimprovetheexploitationandutilizationofSP,optimizingsolventextractionparametersandapplyingtopracticalproductionisworthyandurgent.Ourpresentstu