美国文学欣赏jack-london

JackLondon(1876-1916)1.Biography2.MajorWorks3.WritingStyle4.ThemeofJackLondon’sWorks5.TheLawofLifeJackLondon•BornoutofwedlockonJanuary12,1876desertedbyhisfather，raisedbyhismotherandstepfatherJohnLondon•Poverty-strickenchildhood•At14,graduatedfromgrammarschool.•At18,protestthewretchedworkingconditionssentencedtothePenitentiary(罪犯)教养所•At19,enrolledattheUniversityofCaliforniakickedoutofschoolforhisinvolvementintheSocialistLaborParty.TheIronHeel;TheWarofClasses;Revolution;•At24,marriedElisabethMaddernandleftherandtheirtwodaughters•At25,ranunsuccessfullyontheSocialistparty,startedtosteadilyproducenovels,nonfictionandshortstories.TheCalloftheWild野性的呼唤TheSeaWolf海狼•At34,purchasedalargetractoflandnearGlenElleninSonomaCounty.•At40,diedofuremia(尿毒症).（Londoncommittedsuicidewithmorphine.）JackandCharmianLondon'sGraveSiteNewsboy(at10)↓Oysterpirate(16)↓Ahardlaborer(muscleseller)↓Atramp,beggar(at18)•Aknowledgepursuer↓•Asuccessfulwriter↓•ArancherHisMajorWorks•ThePeopleoftheAbyss(1903)深渊中的人们•TheCalloftheWild(1903)野性的呼唤•TheSeaWolf(1904)海狼•WhiteFang(1906)白牙•TheIronHeel(1908)铁蹄•MartinEden(1909)马丁.伊登•TheValleyoftheMoon(1912)月谷•TheStarRover(1915)星游人•TheLittleLadyoftheBigHouse(1916)大屋里的小妇人•热爱生命••汪国真•我不去想•是否能够成功•既然•选择了远方•便只顾风雨兼程•我不去想•能否赢得爱情•既然•钟情于玫瑰•就勇敢地吐露真诚•我不去想•身后会不会袭来寒风冷雨•既然•目标是地平线•留给世界的•只能是背影•我不去想•未来是平坦•还是泥泞•只要热爱生命•一切，•都在意料之中WritingStyle•SocialDarwinism,Neitzcheansuperman,socialistdoctrinesofMarx•NaturalismmingledwithRomanticismForceful,andcolorful;•Subjectivityandenthusiasm•Hischaracterizationswereoftenstiffandhisdialoguestereotyped.ThemeofJackLondon’sWorks•primitiveviolence,Anglo-Saxonsupremacy,biologicalevolution,classwarfare,andmechanisticdeterminism.•Hopeforhumancivilization.•FatherofAmericanproletariat（工人阶级）literature•Realist,spokesmanofsocialism•Greatthinker“TheLawofLife”JackLondonCharacters•AnEskimotribe:–OldKoskoosh–Koskoosh’ssonandfather.–Amoose–Zing-ha–Sit-cum-to-haStyleandLanguage•Style:powerfulrealismandhumanitariansentiment•Form:vividandgraphiclanguagephilosophical•Howmanypartscanthisstorybedividedinto?Whatisthecentralideaofeachpart?Itcanbedividedintofourparts.•Thefirstpart:Passage1-9•Thesecondpart:Passage10-11•Thethirdpart:Passage12-19•Thelastpart:Passage20-22•Thefirstpart:Passage1-9•(frombeginningto“itiswell”)•Thecentralideaofthispartis:•Wintercame.Thetribehadtomakealongtrialtosurvive,whiletheprotagonist,OldKoskoosh,wasleftalonebecauseofhisoldage.•Thesecondpart:Passage10-11•Thecentralideaofthispartis:•OldKoskooshdidnotcomplain,becauseheunderstoodthatcomparedwiththespeciesandtherace,individualhastheleastimportance.Hebegantosinkintomeditations.•Thethirdpart:Passage12-19•Thecentralideaofthispartis:•OldKoskooshsankdeepintothepast.HerecalledthetimeofgreatfamineandthetimeofplentyaswellaswhathesawwhenhewasyoungwithZing-ha:howamoosefoughtwithawolfpack.•Thelastpart:Passage20-22•Thecentralideaofthispartis:•DeathcametoOldKoskoosh.Hewassurroundedbyawolfpack.Athisfinalstruggleforlife,OldKoskooshdecidedtogiveupto“thelawoflife”.Theending•WhatdoesKoskooshdointheend?(filmclip:TheSnowofKilimanjaro)Ishehappyorishesad?•Whatis“thelawoflife”?Discussion•Pleaseshareyourfavoritesentenceswithus.•Inwhatway,humanbeingsandanimalsresembleeachother?•IfyouareOldKoskoosh,willyouthinkthesamewayabouthumanbeingsanddeath?•Whatis“willtolife”,“willtopower”?(whatlife?Whatpower?)•“我”的生命，个体的生命，以及个体所经历的生、老、病、死、苦的周期.•就古希腊的、尼采的美学智慧而言，生命（life）更重要的涵义超出个体生命的周期、甚至人类界限，那是贯彻宇宙之间那一股生而灭、灭又生、源源不绝、千变万化、无穷无尽的生机。古希腊民族称这种生命观为：酒神生命。生命(life)ApollonianandDionysian日神与酒神•GodoftheSun•Wholeness•Light•Civilization•Reason•Celebrationofself-control•Humanbeingsasartists•GodofWine•Individualism•Darkness•PrimalNature•Sensibility•Celebrationofnature•Breakboundaries叔本华在《作为意志和表象的世界》的一段话，尼采借来比喻日神代表的“个体原则”（个体生命观）：•“喧腾大海，浩渺苍茫，排山的巨浪此起彼落，咆哮不已，有一舟子坐在船上，信赖他的一叶扁舟：与此同理，一个人能平静置身于苦难的世界之中，依赖的是‘个体原则’”（BirthofTragedy,35－36页）。•这个比喻很生动，说明人对“个体原则”（即，秩序、和谐、安宁等）如何依赖，而这“个体原则”又何等脆弱。悲剧让我们看到喧腾大海和一叶扁舟的反差，甚至看到“翻船”那一刻。•就人性而言，看到“翻船”令人难以接受。然而，这一刻，粉碎“个人原则”、抹去日神和谐的一刻，却是悲剧必需的戏剧经验，因为这就是个体生命必须面对的永恒循环的生命•德勒兹对这一段的解释直言不讳：“[酒神]……粉碎个人，把他拖到大沉船上，让他重归太初”（“Dionysus…shatterstheindividual,dragshimtothegreatshipwreckandabsorbshimintooriginalbeing.”）（11页）。尼采说：“个人原则”被粉碎，先是惊骇，接下来是喜悦。•何故惊骇？因为面对整体的生命力，以往足以依赖的理性（sufficientreason）失灵。•喜从何来？个体与“真宰”与万物重归一体（“重归太初”），我已忘我，心如酒醉，于是能感悟：存在即美学现象。古希腊民族对人的生存是悲观的，而参透了世界是永恒的创造之后其美学智慧又是乐观的，充满欢乐（cheerfulness）。尼采的哲学，也是这种悲观与乐观、欢乐与痛苦并存的二律背反。WilltoLife人类凭着生命意志滔滔不绝，宇宙意志永远保持沉默。有时候，在希腊或莎士比亚的舞台上，那个“人”终于寡言，终于不语，与沉默的宇宙相对，试以无言胜有言。他的沉默倒是与宇宙有几分相像。•那力量(willtopower)，来自整体生命观的充实感；那循复往返、源源不绝、千变万化、无穷无尽的生命烘托人的精神，使人伟大起来。另一方面，生命意志又是对宇宙意志的忤逆，因为若完全附丽于宇宙意志，人是绝望的。•生命意志于是使人在美学现象中具有双重身份，是艺术品，又是艺术家，是被造之物，又是创造者，是渺小的，又是伟大的。•希腊的舞台不断演示这双重身份之间的冲突和矛盾。生命意志于是充满张力。•什么是“生命意志”（willtolife）？就是“强力意志”（willtopower）。willtopower中的power是生命意志本身具有的力，并非使人堕落的“权力”。“权力意志”的译法滋生了太多的曲解误解，可以休矣。Themes•Impactofnatureandviolence•Theweakandthestrong•Individuallifeandeternalrecurrence•Joyfulaffirmation