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空间群是点对称操作和平移对称操作的对称要素全部可能的组合。点群表示晶体外形上的对称关系,空间群表示晶体结构内部的原子及离子间的对称关系。空间群一共230个,它们分别属于32个点群。晶体结构的对称性不能超出230个空间群的范围,而其外形的对称性和宏观对称性则不能越出32个点群的范围。属于同一点群的各种晶体可以隶属于若干个空间群。230种晶体学空间群的记号Symbolsofthe230CrystallographicSpaceGroups晶系(Crystalsystem)点群(Pointgroup)空间群(Spacegroup)国际符号(HM)圣佛利斯符号(Schfl.)三斜晶系1C1P1CiP单斜晶系2P2P21C2mPmPcCmCc2/mP2/mP21/mC2/mP2/cP21/CC2/c正交晶系222P222P2221P21212P212121C2221C222F222I222I212121mm2Pmm2Pmc21Pcc2Pma2Pca21Pnc2Pmn21Pba2Pna21Pnn2Cmm2Cmc21Ccc2Amm2Abm2Ama2Aba2Fmm2Fdd2Imm2Iba2Ima2mmmPmmmPnnnPccmPbanPmmaPnnaPmnaPccaPbamPccnPbcmPnnmPmmnPbcnPbcaPnmaCmcmCmcaCmmmCccmCmmaCccaFmmmFdddImmmIbamIbcaImma四方晶系4P4P41P42P43I4I41PI4/mP4/mP42/mP4/nP42/nI4/mI41/a422P422P4212P4122P41212P4222P42212P4322P43212I422I41224mmP4mmP4bmP42cmP42nmP4ccP4ncP42mcP42bcI4mmI4cmI41mdI41cd2mP2mP2cP21mP21cPm2Pc2Pb2Pn2Im2Ic2I2mI2d4/mmmP4/mmmP4/mccP4/nbmP4/nncP4/mbmP4/mncP4/nmmP4/nccP42/mmcP42/mcmP42/nbcP42/nnmP42/mbcP42/mnmP42/nmcP42/ncmI4/mmmI4/mcmI41/amdI41/acd三方晶系3P3P31P32R3PR32P312P321P3112P3121P3212P3221R323mP3m1P31mP3c1P31cR3mR3cmP1mP1cPm1Pc1RmRc六方晶系6P6P61P65P62P64P63P6/mP6/mP63/m622P622P6122P6522P6222P6422P63226mmP6mmP6ccP63cmP63mcm2Pm2Pc2P2mP2c6/mmmP6/mmmP6/mccP63/mcmP63/mmc立方晶系23P23F23I23P213I213mPm3Pn3Fm3Fd3Im3Pa3Ia3432P432P4232F432F4132I432P4332P4132I41323mP3mF3mI3mP3nF3cI3dmmPmmPnnPmnPnmFmmFmcFdmFdcImmIad1三斜晶系(Triclinic)点群空间群对称要素方位关系11(1)P12-1(2)P-12单斜晶系(Monoclinic)b为唯一轴点群空间群对称要素方位关系32(3)P2(4)P21(5)C2b为2次轴或21螺旋轴4m(6)Pm(7)Pc(8)Cm(9)Ccb为⊥m52/m(10)P2/m(11)P21/m(12)C2/m(13)P2/c(14)P21/c(15)C2/cb为2+⊥m3斜方晶系(Orthohombic)三个方位:a,b,c点群空间群对称要素方位关系6222(16)P222(17)P2221(18)P21212(19)P212121(20)C2221(21)C222(22)F222(23)I222(24)I212121abc皆为27mm(mm2)(25)Pmm2(26)Pmc21(27)Pcc2(28)Pma2(29)Pca21(30)Pnc2(31)Pmn21(32)Pba2(33)Pna21(34)Pnn2(35)Cmm2(36)Cmc21(37)Ccc2(38)Amm2(39)Abm2(40)Ama2(41)Aba2(42)Fmm2(43)Fdd2(44)Imm2(45)Iba2(46)Ima2a为⊥m,b为⊥m,c为2(两两垂直的对称面交线为2)。8mmm(47)Pmmm(48)Pnnn(49)Pccm(50)Pban(51)Pmma(52)Pnna(53)Pmna(54)Pcca(55)Pbam(56)Pccn(57)Pbcm(58)Pnnm(59)Pmmn(60)Pbcn(61)Pbca(62)Pnma(63)Cmcm(64)Cmca(65)Cmmm(66)Cccm(67)Cmma(68)Ccca(69)Fmmm(70)Fddd(71)Immm(72)Ibam(73)Ibca(74)Immaabc皆为2+⊥m4四方晶系(Tetragonal)三个方位:c,a,a+b点群空间群对称要素方位关系94(75)P4(76)P41(77)P42(78)P43(79)I4(80)I41c为410-4(81)P-4(82)I-4c为-4114/m(83)P4/m(84)P42/m(85)P4/n(86)P42/n(87)I4/m(88)I41/ac为4+⊥m。偶次轴+垂直对称面,可以产生对称中心。1242(422)(89)P422(90)P4212(91)P4122(92)P41212(93)P4222(94)P42212(95)P4322(96)P43212(97)I422(98)I4122c为4,垂直于c轴有4个2(即a为2,a+b为2)134mm(99)P4mm(100)P4bm(101)P42cm(102)P42nm(103)P4cc(104)P4nc(105)P42mc(106)P42bc(107)I4mm(108)I4cm(109)I41md(110)I41cdc为4,同时c轴包含4个m(a为⊥m,a+b为⊥m)14-42m(111)P-42m(112)P-42c(113)P-421m(114)P-421c(115)P-4m2(116)P-4c2(117)P-4b2(118)P-4n2(119)I-4m2(120)I-4c2(121)I-42m(122)I-42d两种定位:1)-42m(上):c为-4,a为2,a+b为⊥m。2)-4m2(下):c为-4,a为⊥m,a+b为2。154/mmm(123)P4/mmm(124)P4/mcc(125)P4/nbm(126)P4/nnc(127)P4/mbm(128)P4/mnc(129)P4/nmm(130)P4/ncc(131)P42/mmc(132)P42/mcm(133)P42/nbc(134)P42/nnm(135)P42/mbc(136)P42/mnm(137)P42/nmc(138)P42/ncm(139)I4/mmm(140)I4/mcm(141)I41/amd(142)I41/acdc为4+⊥m,a为2+⊥m,a+b为2+⊥m。5三方晶系(Rhombohedral)三个方位:c,a,2a+b点群空间群对称要素方位关系163(143)P3(144)P31(145)P32(146)R3c方向为3次轴或3次螺旋轴(P为六方原始格子,R为菱面体格子,下同)17-3(147)P-3(148)R-3c为-31832(149)P312(150)P321(151)P3112(152)P3121(153)P3212(154)P3221(155)R32两种定位:1)321:c为3,a为2,2a+b方向无(左图)2)312:c为3,a方向无,2a+b为2(右图)193m(156)P3m1(157)P31m(158)P3c1(159)P31c(160)R3m(161)R3c两种定位:1)3m1:c为3,a为⊥m,2a+b方向无(上图)2)31m:c为3,a方向无,2a+b为⊥m(下图)(实际为a包含对称面)20-3m(162)P-31m(163)P-31c(164)P-3m1(165)P-3c1(166)R-3m(167)R-3c两种定位:1)-3m1:c为-3,a为2+⊥m,2a+b方向无(上图)2)-31m:c为-3,a方向无,2a+b为2+⊥m(下图)(实际为a包含对称面)6六方晶系(Hexagonal)三个方位:c,a,2a+b点群空间群对称要素方位关系216(168)P6(169)P61(170)P65(171)P62(172)P64(173)P63c为622-6(174)P-6c为-6(即为3+⊥m)236/m(175)P6/m(176)P63/mc为6+⊥m2462(622)(177)P622(178)P6122(179)P6522(180)P6222(181)P6422(182)P6322c为6,a为2,2a+b为2256mm(183)P6mm(184)P6cc(185)P63cm(186)P63mcc为6,a为⊥m,2a+b为⊥m(6次轴包含6个对称面)26-62m(187)P-6m2(188)P-6c2(189)P-62m(190)P-62c两种定位:1)-62m:c为-6(即3+⊥m),a为2,2a+b为⊥m(上图)2)-6m2:c为-6(即3+⊥m),a为⊥m,2a+b为2(下图)276/mmm(191)P6/mmm(192)P6/mcc(193)P63/mcm(194)P63/mmcc为6+⊥m,a为2+⊥m,2a+b为2+⊥m7等轴晶系(Cubic)三个方位:c,a+b+c,a+b点群空间群对称要素方位关系2823(195)P23(196)F23(197)I23(198)P213(199)I213c:2a+b+c:329m3(200)Pm-3(201)Pn-3(202)Fm-3(203)Fd-3(204)Im-3(205)Pa-3(206)Ia-3c:2+⊥ma+b+c:-33043(432)(207)P432(208)P4232(209)F432(210)F4132(211)I432(212)P4332(213)P4132(214)I4132c:4a+b+c:3a+b:231-43m(215)P-43m(216)F-43m(217)I-43m(218)P-43n(219)F-43c(220)I-43dc:4a+b+c:3a+b:⊥m32m3m(221)Pm-3m(222)Pn-3n(223)Pm-3n(224)Pn-3m(225)Fm-3m(226)Fm-3c(227)Fd-3m(228)Fd-3c(229)Im-3m(230)Ia-3d
本文标题:230种空间群
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