霍桑-红字作者及作品简介

——纳撒尼尔•霍桑作者介绍故事简介名家鉴赏Author•NathanielHawthorne(1804-1864)isoneofthemostinfluentialwritersinAmericainthe19thcentury.HisnovelTheScarletLetterpublishedin1850ensureshispermanentfameinliterature.•HawthornewasborninSalem,MassachusettsSomeofhisancestorweremenofprominenceinthepuritantheocracy.Oneofhisancestorwasacolonialmagistrate,notoriousforhispartinthepersecutionofQuakers,andanotherwasajudgeatSalemWitchcraftTrailin1692.Gradually,thefamilyfortunedeclined.Hawthornewasintenselyconsciousofthewrongdoingofhisancestors,andthisawarenessledtohisunderstandingofevilbeingatthecoreofhumanlife,soheseemedtobehauntedbyhissenseofsinandevilinhislife纳撒尼尔·霍桑(1804—1864）是美国19世纪影响最大的浪漫主义小说家和心理小说家。霍桑对当时美国社会道德论丧和资产阶级的伪善不满，但是他又不想从根本上改变不合理的社会制度，只谋求社会道德的改进，宣扬上帝，主张道德的自我完善。霍桑由于社会、家庭及自身的因素，形成了既为清教主义等旧观念所萦绕，又抱有人道主义等美好理想的复杂的世界观。他一方面摆脱不掉“原罪”、“赎罪”、“内省”、“命定”之类的宗教迷信，但又从家族的负罪感出发，反过来对清教的专制统治痛心疾首；他一方面接受了超验主义哲学观，相信客观的物质世界只是某种隐蔽的神秘力量的象征，又对当时风靡的“招魂”之类的巫术活动和科学技术的新发明同样感到不可思议；他一方面对新生的合众国满怀希望，但对社会上形形色色的腐化堕落及不平不公的原因又十分费解，便只好到人性的爱与恨、善与恶中去寻找答案。1804年7月4日生于马萨诸塞州塞勒姆镇一个没落世家，4岁丧父，1821年由亲戚资助进入博多因学院。1825年毕业后回到塞勒姆从事写作。1836年和1846年两度在海关任职，1841年参加超验主义者创办的布鲁克农场。1842年后结识了作家爱默生、梭罗等。1848年因政府更迭失去海关职位，后专心写作，完成了他最重要的长篇小说《红字》。1853年被任命为驻英国利物浦的领事。1857年后他侨居意大利，创作了另一部探讨善恶问题的小说《玉石雕像》。此后他回国定居康科德，1864年去世时留下4部未完成的长篇小说。TheScarletLetter《红字》Fanshawe《范肖》YoungGoodmanBrown《小伙子布朗》Rappaccini'sDaughter《拉伯西尼医生的女儿》MossesfromanOldManse《古宅青苔》TheHouseoftheSevenGables《带七个尖顶的阁楼》TheBlithedaleRomance《福古传奇》TheSnowImage《雪影》TheCelestialRailroad《通天铁路》TheMarbleFaun《石像人面》MajorThemesofHisWorksSinandEvilHistoryandAntiquityAlienation-acharacterisinastateofisolationbecauseofself-cause,orsocietalcause,oracombinationofboth.PuritanNewEngland-usedasabackgroundandsettinginmanytales.Otherthemesincludeindividualvs.society,self-fulfillmentvs.frustration,hypocrisyvs.integrity,lovevs.hate,andfatevs.freewill,etc.style–typicalromanticwriteramanofliterarycraftsmanship，extraordinaryintheuseofsymboltheuseofambiguityrevelationofcharacters’psychologytheuseofsupernaturalThesymbolservesasaweapontoattackreality.Itcanbefoundeverywhereinhiswritingtokeepthereaderintheworldofuncertainty–multiplepointofviewTheScarletLetteristhestoryofatriangularloveaffairincolonialAmerica.InthisnovelHawthornecondemnedthePuritanphilosophyoflife.Thenovelisshortbutverymoving.Prynne,ayoungandbeautifulwoman,cametoNewEnglandtwoyearsbeforehishusband,anold,uglymanwhocannotgivePrynnelove.Prynne,thenfallsinlovewithDimmesdale,ayounghandsomeclergymanandthenhasababy,Pearl,becauseshecannotgetanynewsfromherhusband,thinkingthathehasdied.Whenheradulteryisdiscovered,sheispunishedtowearascarletletterAonherchestallherlife.Herhusband,Roger,trieshisbesttotormentDismmesdale.AndDimmesdale,sufferingfrombothphysicalandspirittorment,announceshissinatlast,hediesanhonestman.Roger,withersatlast,Prynne,restructuresherlifeandwinspeople'srespect,Pearl,leavesforEurope,marriesanoblefamily,leadingahappylife.maincharactorsHesterPrynneRogerChillingworthArthurDimmesdaleintelligent,capable,sympatheticevil,inhumancold-bloodedscholar.aloof.activeconsciencecoupleadulteryPearlEvocativeNamesThenamesinthisnoveloftenseemtobegtobeinterpretedallegorically.Chillingworthiscoldandinhumanandthusbringsa“chill”toHester’sandDimmesdale’slives.“Prynne”rhymeswith“sin,”while“Dimmesdale”suggests“dimness”—weakness,indeterminacy,lackofinsight,andlackofwill,allofwhichcharacterizetheyoungminister.Thename“Pearl”evokesabiblicalallegoricaldevice—the“pearlofgreatprice”thatissalvation.CommentsandCriticizesEdgarAllanPoewroteimportantandsomewhatunflatteringreviewsofbothTwice-ToldTalesandMossesfromanOldMansePoe'snegativeassessmentwaspartlyduetohisowncontemptofallegoryandmoraltales,andhischronicaccusationsofplagiarism.ThestyleofHawthorneispurityitself.Histoneissingularlyeffective—wild,plaintive,thoughtful,andinfullaccordancewithhisthemesWelookuponhimasoneofthefewmenofindisputablegeniustowhomourcountryhasasyetgivenbirthCommentsandCriticizesRalphWaldoEmersonwrotethatNathanielHawthorne'sreputationasawriterisaverypleasingfact,becausehiswritingisnotgoodforanything,andthisisatributetotheman”HenryJamespraisedHawthorne,saying,ThefinethinginHawthorneisthathecaredforthedeeperpsychology,andthat,inhisway,hetriedtobecomefamiliarwithit.thankyou