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---MirrorofAmerica马克吐温故居TheNameofMarkTwainMarkTwain'srealnamewasSamuelLanghorneClemens(萨缪尔·朗霍恩·克莱门斯).MarkTwain,ishispenname,whichmeanswatermarktwo(水深两浔),wasacallusedbysailorsontheMississippitowarnshipmatesthattheywerecomingintoshallowwater.MarkTwain是他的笔名,意思是水深两浔,告诉水手们,前面是浅滩。LifeexperienceMarkTwainwasbornatFlorida,Missouri,alittletowninMississippi.Atthedeathofhisfatherin1847,Twain,11yearsold,hadleftschooltobeanapprenticetoaprinter.ThenabriefbutgloriouscareerasaMississippiRiversteamboatpilotendedwhentheriverwasblockadedatthebeginningoftheCivilWar.AfterashorttermofsoldieringasaConfederatevolunteer,TwainwenttoNevada,hopingtostrikeitrichinthesilverfields.马克吐温生在密苏里州,密西西比河边的一个小镇上。他11岁就在印刷店里面当学徒,然后在密西西河上的一艘蒸汽船做导航员,知道内战爆发,密西西河被封锁。作为南方的志愿军,他短暂服役后,去了内华达州,在一个银矿上,希望能发点财。Whenhisminingschemesfailed,hejoinedthestaffoftheVirginiaCityTerritorialEnterprise,exchangedhisrealname,SamuelL.Clemens,forapseudonym,“MarkTwain,”andbeganhiscareerasafrontierhumorist.Becauseof“TheNotoriousJumpingFrogofCalaverasCounty,”《卡拉韦拉斯县驰名的跳蛙》(1865),heisknownasthemasterofhumoristalloverthecountry.银矿的计划失败后,他加入了弗吉尼亚的一个企业,并用上了笔名MarkTwain,成了一名幽默作家。1965年,《卡拉韦拉斯县驰名的跳蛙》的发表,马克吐温一举成名。In1866,aftersixyearsasaminer,newspaperreporter,andlecturer,Twainwenteastrespondingto,hesaid,“acalltoliteratureofaloworder—i.e.humorous.”Hetookwithhimareputationas“thewildhumoristofthePacificSlope”andalivelyimaginationthathadledhimtoturnmanyofhisnewspaper“reports”intoburlesques(滑稽戏)andcomicsketches(喜剧小品).ThesuccessasawritergaveTwainenoughfinancialsecuritytomarryOliviaLangdon(欧丽维亚·兰登)in1870.经过六年的时间,他曾做过旷工,记者和演讲者,马克吐温洗成自己为太平洋斜坡上未开化的的幽默家。他具有丰富的想象力,把新闻报道编成滑稽戏,和戏剧小品。写作上的成功也给他带来了可观的收入,1866年,与OliviaLangdon结婚。WhileinNewYork,TwainwascommissionedbyaSanFranciscopapertosailonafive-monthvoyagewithagroupofAmericantouristsandreporttheirconfrontationswiththeculturalandreligiousshrines(圣地)ofEuropeandtheHolyLand.UponhisreturntoAmerica,Twaingatheredhisirreverentnewspaperarticles,revisedandpublishedthemasInnocentsAbroad《傻子国外旅行记》(1869).NextcameRoughingit《艰苦岁月》(1872),anarrativeofhisoriginaljourneywest.1867年,在旧金山一家报纸的委托下,马克吐温及一群美国的游客前往以色列,进行为期5个月的旅行,报道。回到美国后,他把自己写的一些新闻报道重新编排后,出版《傻子国外旅行记》(1869).1872年的Roughingit艰苦岁月主要描写他在西部的旅程。HisfirstattemptatnovelwritingwasTheGildedAge《镀金时代》(1873),onwhichhecollaboratedwiththejournalistandessayistCharlesDudleyWarner(与查尔斯·达德利·沃纳合写).Thenovelwasamuddledfailure,butitgaveitsnametotheboomtimes,thepost-CivilWarageofunbridledindividualism(放纵的个人主义)andspeculation(投机买卖),whichitsatirized.1873年,马克吐温和沃纳合作的《镀金时代》出版,此书可算是一个失败,但它给战后的美国,起了一个很好的名字。ThenTwainandhisfamilymovedtoHartford.TwaincontinuedtolectureintheUnitedStatesandEngland.Between1876and1884hepublishedseveralmasterpieces.Twain’snostalgicrecollectionsofhisearlyboyhoodinHannibalstirredhimtowritehis“boys’book”TheadventuresofTomSawyer(汤姆·索亚历险记)(1876)anditssequel,TheadventuresofHuckleberryFinn《哈克贝里·费恩历险记》(1884).Hismemoriesofhisthreeyearsasa“cub”andmasterpilotontheMississippiinspiredtheworkLifeontheMississippi《密西西比河上》(1883).1876年至1884年,马克吐温发表了他的基本著作,怀念男孩时代的《汤姆。索亚历险记》和它的续集《哈克贝利。费恩历险记》,关于他早年导航员生活的《密西西比河上》BythetimehecametowriteAConnecticutYankeeinKingArthur’sCourt《亚瑟王朝廷上的康涅狄格州美国人》(1889),withitsangrysatireonroyalty,religion,andthechivalricideals(骑士理想)ofArthurianEngland(英格兰亚瑟王),hisworkhadbecomemoreseriousandcritical.在他出版《亚瑟王朝廷上的康涅狄格州美国人》时,该书讽刺了英国的皇室,宗教及骑士的理想主义,马克吐温的作品变得严肃和具有批判性。Bythe1890stheamusementthathadoncetypifiedhiswritinghadbeendisplacedbyincreasinglybitterattacksontheinjusticesofsocietyandthefollyofman.Bytheendofhislife,thedeathsofhiswifeandtwodaughterslefthimabsolutelyinconsolable.Somecriticslinkthesetragiceventswiththechangeofstyleinhislaterworks,fromanoptimistandhumorist(乐观的幽默大师)toanalmostdespairingdeterminist(悲观的决定论者).到了1890年代,曾经已幽默著称的马克吐温已不复存在,他的作品更多的是对社会不公和人们愚昧的攻击。在他生命的最后阶段,妻子和两个女儿的离世更他更加悲痛。有的评论认为这些悲痛使得马克吐温从一个乐观的幽默大师变成了一个悲观的决定论者。Thefailureofhispublishingfirmandaseriesofbadfinancialinvestmentsbroughthimhumiliationandbankruptcy,leadinghimtotravelthroughouttheworldonalectureseriestopayoffhisdebts,alongandexhaustingexperienceherecordedwithbarelydisguisedwearinessinFollowingtheEquator《赤道环行记》(1897).出版公司的失败和财务上的困难带来了破产和难堪,马克吐温开始的环行世界的演讲来还债,在《赤道环行记》1897一书中,他记录了这次又长又筋疲力尽的行程和毫不掩饰的厌倦。In1906hebegantorecordthedetailsofmuchofthebestandtheworstofhislife,portionsofwhichappearedashisAutobiography《自传》(1924),publishedposthumously(于死后)aswasthecollectionentitledLettersfromtheEarth(地球来信)(1962),whichcontainedthemostdespairingofhispronouncementsandhislastfuriousangeratthe“damnedhumanrace.”1906年开始,马克吐温开始记录下他生命中的细节,包括好的和坏的,部分出版在1924年的《自传》中,其他的在他死后以《地球来信》发表。信中包括许多绝望的声明和对“该死的人类”的愤怒。HisDeathMarkTwaindiedofillnessonApril21,1910.Whenhepassedaway,newspapersaroundthecountrydeclared,“Thewholeworldismourning.”Bythen,SamuelClemenshadlongsinceceasedtobeaprivatecitizen.HehadbecomeMarkTwain,aproudpossessionoftheAmericannation.1910年,4月21日马克吐温逝世。彼时,美国所有的报纸都报道“举世齐哀”,SamuelClemens不再是一个普通公民,而是作为MarkTwain成为美国的财富。MarkTwainandtheMississippiMarkTwain'sadventurousboyhoodhadbeenspentontheMississippiRiver.Helovedthegreatriversomuchthathealwayswent
本文标题:Part-4--Mark-Twain-马克吐温
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