美国文学--海明威简介

ErnestHemingway1899-1961TheLostGenerationwhat？•createdbyGertrudeStein,alostgenerationwriterherself；•aliterarygenreaftertheFirstWorldWarintheUnitedStates•appliedtothedisillusionedintellectualsandaesthetesoftheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar,whorebelledagainstformeridealsandvalues;how？•WhenWorldWarIbrokeout,mostofthemwereyoungpeopleagedaround20.UnderthedemagogicsloganoftheUSAtosavetheworld'sdemocracyandwiththeidealsofdemocracy,theywenttotheEuropeanbattlefield.•Havingwitnessedtheunprecedentedmassacreofmankind,theyfoundthewarisfarfromtheiroriginalideaofthecauseofthekindofhero,theso-calleddemocracyandglorious,sacrificethingsaredeceptive.•Theyexperiencedallsortsofsufferingduringthewar.Thisisleftintheirheartsandcannotbehealedanymore.Theirworkreflectsthesenegativethoughtsandfeelings.FrancisScottFitzgerald•representiveoftheJazzAge;•Work:TheGreatGatsbyEzraPound•anAmericanpoet,criticandintellectual;•Work:InaStationoftheMetro地铁车站•Theapparitionofthesefacesinthecrowd;•petalsonawet,blackbough.•(这几张脸在人群中幻景般闪；•湿漉漉的黑树枝上花瓣数点。)SherwoodAnderson•anAmericanwriter,mostnotablythecollectionWinesburg,Ohio小城畸人;WilliamFaulkner•aNobelPrize-winningAmericanauthor;TheSoundandtheFury喧哗与骚动ErnestHemingwaychildhood:•thesecondchild,andfirstson;•raisedinOakPark,Illinois,asuburbofChicago；•father—asuccessfulphysician，lovefishingandhunting;•mother—amusicteacher；•musiclessonswereusefulinhiswritingandalifelongpassionforoutdooradventureandforlivinginremoteorisolatedareas；schoollife:•attendedOakParkandRiverForestHighSchoolandexcelledbothacademicallyandathletically;•firstwritingexperiencewasfortheschool'snewspaperandyearbook;Hemingwayatthetimeofhisgraduationfromhighschool,1917afterhighschool:•workedasareporterforTheKansasCityStar(堪萨斯《星报》)beforeWorldWarIforonlysixmonths;WorldwarⅠ:•joinedtheRedCrossAmbulance•Corps(红十字会战场服务队);•onJuly8,1918,woundedbut•carriedanItaliansoldiertosafety,receivedtheItalianSilverMedalofBravery;•wheninthehospital,metandfellinlovewithAgnes,aRedCrossnursebutrejected;LifeinParis(1921-1928):•settledinParisandcoveredtheGreco-TurkishWarfortheTorontoStar;•madefriendswithJamesJoyce,F.ScottFitzgerald;•HismarriagetoHadleybrokeupwithhisworkingonTheSunAlsoRisesbecauseofhisaffairwithPaulinePfeiffer,divorcedinJanuary1927andmarriedPaulinePfeiffer,secondwife,inMay.The2ndwifelifeinKeyWest:•In1928，theymovedtoKeyWest,Florida,tobegintheirnewlifetogether;•hisfathercommittedsuicide;•Duringtheearly1930sHemingwaywerebusywithhunting,fishing,bullfighting,travelingandwriting;HemingwayhouseSpanishCivilWar:•in1937hereportedonthewarfortheNorthAmericanNewspaperAlliance(NANA)•heusedthisexperienceinSpainasthebackgroundforForWhomtheBellTolls;•Afterthewar,HemingwaydivorcedwithPaulineandmarriedMarthaGellhorn,histhirdwifein1940andwrotethefamousnovel,ForWhomtheBellTolls,whichwasnominatedforaPulitzerPrize；WorldWarII:•inEuropefromJunetoDec.1944;•involvedinthewaractivitiesasawarcorrespondentandin1947awardedaBronzeStarforhisbraveryduringWWII;•HeleftMarthain1945whenpreparingtoreturntoCubaandmeanwhile,hehadaskedMaryWelsh,Timemagazinecorrespondent,tomarryhimontheirthirdmeeting;Lateryears:•hadaseriesofaccidentsandhealthproblemsafterthewar;•WhenhetraveledtothesiteofWWIandbegantoworkonAcrosstheRiverandIntotheTrees(《过河入林》);•ThenextyearwroteOldManandtheSeathebestIcanwriteeverforallofmylife“andwonthePulitzerPrizeinMay1952andInOctober1954receivedtheNobelPrizeinLiterature;“因为他精通于叙事艺术，突出地表现在其近著《老人与海》之中；同时也因为他对当代文体风格之影响”EmotionalLife•Hemingwayhadfourthmarriagesthroughhiswholelifewiththeunrestandpainfulemotionallife.Thisledtohispolarattitudetofemale,hisworksoffemalecharactersoftenlackthereality.Hemingway’sprivatelifeisverybohemianandloveaffaircontinuously.Themanwhohadfourthmarriageshadbeenspreadtherumorwithmanyfemale,severalgirlfriendofhiscriticisedhewasamanhadillicitintercourseatthebeginninganddesertthemattheend.”•However,inHemingway’semotionallifehekeptapurelovewiththeactressofHollywoodMarleneDietrich.Suicide:•HemingwaywasaChristian,andsuicideinChristianityisagreatsin.WhatarethereasonthatcauseHemingwayfinallychosesuicide?Shouldbesay,thedespairthatcouldnotcreationanymorewastherootcauseofsuicidetoErnestHemingway.Onlythephysicalailmentsneverenoughtobeatthetoughman.ThedaybeforeHemingway'sdeath,hewrotealettertohisoldfriendfishermen:”Thegreatestsatisfactioninone’slifeisnottheincome、love、marriageandfamilylifesatisfaction,butthesatisfactiontohisown.”Could’tsatisfywithhimselfandcould’tmeethimselffinallyresultedinHemingwayshootingtohimself.Writingstyle•Hemingway'sdistinctivewritingstyleischaracterizedbyeconomyandunderstatementandhadasignificantinfluenceonthedevelopmentoftwentieth-centuryfictionwriting.Hisprotagonistsaretypicallystoicmaleswhomustshowgraceunderpressure.ManyofhisworksarenowconsideredcanonicalinAmericanliterature.novels•1925年：《春潮》（TheTorrentsofSpring）1926年：《太阳照样升起》（TheSunAlsoRises）1929年：《永别了，武器》（AFarewelltoArms）1937年：《虽有犹无》（ToHaveandHaveNot）1940年：《丧钟为谁而鸣》（ForWhomtheBellTolls）1950年：《渡河入林》（AcrosstheRiverandIntotheTrees）1952年：《老人与海》（TheOldManandtheSea）1970年：《岛之恋》（IslandsintheStream）19