语音学weak-form

WeakForms•l.StrongFormandWeakForm1)Definition2)TheImportanceofWeakFrom3)CategoriesofClassifiedItsWeakFormWords4)ExampleofWeakFormWords5)Contraction•ll.TheImportanceof/ə/Definition:–Strongformandweakform:twodifferentwaysofpronouncingtheword.–Theweakformisanalternatepronunciationofawordwhichissoreducedinit’sarticulationthatisconsistsofadifferentsetofphonemes.–Thestrongformofawordisusedwhenthewordissaidinisolation,orinconnectedspeechinwhichthewordshouldbestressedorcited.–Compare:‘Lookatme.Lookat‘me.TheImportanceofLearningWeakForms•TworeasonsaresaidtobemostimportantinlearningtousetheunstressedformsinEnglish.•Firstly,mostnativespeakersofEnglishfindan“all-strongform”pronunciationveryunpleasant.•Secondly,learnerswhoarenotfamiliarwiththeuseofweakformsarelikelytohavedifficultyunderstandingnativespeakers.Informationwordsvs.functionwordsInformationwords:nouns,verbs,adjectives,andadverbsgivinginformationaboutwho,what,when,where,why,howexpressingthemainideaorcontentofthephraseorsentenceFunctionwords:articles,pronouns,possessives,prepositions,auxiliaryverbs,andconjunctionsconnectingtheinformationwordstoformgrammaticalsentences.Informationwords&functionwordsInformationwordsNounsVerbsAdjectivesadverbsFunctionwordsarticlesprepositionsauxiliaryverbsconjunctionspossessivespronounsCategoriesofClassifieditsWeakFormWords•1)Determines限定词•2)Pronouns名词•3)Connectives连接词•4)Auxiliaryverbs助动词•5)Prepositions介词ExampleofWeakFormWords•1.Reducedvowelsoundsto/ə/:at→/ət/.had→/həd/.must→/məst/.•2.Shortensomelongsound:be→/bi/.been→/bin/.•3.Leaveonevowelsoundout:am→/m/.has→/z/.have→/v/.•4.Omitsomeconsonantsand→/ən/.have→/əv/.would→/əd/.WeakFormUsedFrequentlyInEnglishContractioncanberegardedasweakformNote•1.Whenthequestionisansweredinshortform,theauxiliaryverbshouldadoptthestrongform,like:---Willyoucometomorrow?---Yes,I‘will.•2.Whentheprepisplacedattheendofasentence,itshouldadoptthestrongform.----Whoishewaiting‘for?•3.Whentheprepisfollowedbyanunstressedpersonalpronoun,itshouldbethestrongform.----I’vebeenwaiting‘foryou.TheImportanceof/ə/Listentothefollowingwords.Firstyouwillhearthefunctionwordinitsstrongformandweakform.Thenyouwillhearasentencewiththeweakformoftheword.•1.aWe'vegotadog.•2.anTakeanapple.•3.herWhat'shername?•4.hisJohnhadhishaircut.•5.ourWecandoitonourown.•6.someGetmesomewater.•7.theTheysawtheyoungandtheold.•8.yourTakeyourtime.•9.heWhatdidhedo?•10.meLetmehavealook.•11.sheDidshecome?•12.themLetthemgo.•13.usHetoldusastory.•14.weHereweare.•15.youDidyouseemypen?•16.himGivehimapen.•17.amI'mproudofit.•18.areWhatareyoudoing?•19.beDon'tbelate.•20.canWhatcanIdo?•21.doWhatdoyoudoonSundays?•22.doesWhendoesthetrainleave?•23.hadHowmanyhadhehad?•24.hasWhathashappened?•25.haveThekidshavegone.•26.isHeiscoming.•27.mustWemustgonow.•28.shallWhatshallwedo?•29.wasHewasout.•30.wereWewerealllate.•31.willThatwilldo.•32atLookathim.•33.forIsitforme?•34.fromTheycomefromthestates.•35.ofIt'sverykindofyou.•36.toYoudon'thavetoworry.•37.andWehadfishandchips.•38.asJustasyoulike.•39.butIt'sgoodbutexpensive.•40.soIt'snotsocoldhere.•41.thanIt'sbiggerthanthis.•42.thatHesaidthathewascoming.CompletePlosives•Definition:•Whenoneplosiveisfollowedbyanotherplosive,thefirstdoesnotreleasebreaththoughstillinpositionandformtheobstruction,thentoproducethesecondplosiveimmediately.(当一个爆破音后面紧跟着另一个爆破音时，前面的爆破音不发生爆破）•’Whattimegood’bye•’bedtime’big‘kiteIncompletePlosives•Definition:•Whenoneplosiveisfollowedbyafricative,affricative,nasalorlateral,theplosiveispronouncedincompletely.(第一个爆破音发出的声音是非常轻微的，这种现象要不完全爆破).•摩擦音：/f//v//θ//ð//s//z//ʃ//ʒ//h/•破擦音：/tʃ//dʒ//tr//dr//ts//dz/•Picture/’piktʃə/bigjug/’big‘dʒΛg/Listentothefollowingtalkandwritetheunstressedwordsinthespace.Now,______________end___________morning____________all______able_______collect______timetable_____________collegeoffice._________see________firstlecture_____________nineo'clock___________morning_________last___________fouro'clock__________afternoon.Most__________,________factall___________,__________find____________sparetimewithoutlecturesorlaboratorysessions._________collegelibrary________privatestudyrooms_________openallday__________nine___________morningtilleight________evening_______privatestudy._______students'unioncommonroom________alsoopen____________sametimes.And…er…______handover______MrsWhite,who________tell________aboutstudents'welfare,sportsclubs_________examinations.SpeakingExercise•A.Determiners:a,an,the,her,his,our,some,your•1.abreakTakeabreak.•2.aringBuyaring.•3.ananswerGiveananswer.•4.anideaHaveanidea.•5.thecarTakethecar.•6.thegirlHelpthegirl.•7.theothersMeettheothers.•8.theappleGettheapple.•9.hercoatTakehercoat.•10.herbagWatchherbag.•11.hiswatchUsehiswatch.•12.hiswifeSeehiswife.•13.ourschoolNearourschool.•14.ourclassroomCleanourclassroom.•15.someteaHavesometea.•16.somewaterGetsomewater.•17.yourbossTellyourboss.•18.yourbookBuyyourbook.•19.yourtimeTakeyourtime.•20.somesugarFindsomesugar.B.Pronouns:he,me,she,them,us,we,you,him•Didhesaythat?•Makesurethatheisontime.•Tellmehowtodoit.•Givemeanewbook.•Whatisshedoing?•When