英语词汇学1

EnglishLexicologyName:ChenyuanE-mail:[e-mail]:15824914095Whatislanguage?Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Itisaspecificsocialactionandacarrierofinformation.“Languageisman’swayofcommunicationwithhisfellowmanandItislanguagealonewhichseparatehimfromtheloweranimals”Whatislinguistics?Generallyspeaking,linguisticscanbedefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.Tobemoreexact,linguisticsstudiesthegeneralprinciplesuponwhichlanguagesareconstructedandoperateassystemsofhumancommunication.Whatislexicology?Lexicologyisabranchoflinguisticsconcernedwiththestudyofthevocabularyofagivenlanguage.Itdealswithwords,theirorigin,development,structure,formation,meaningandusage.Aimsofthecourse:GiveasystematicdescriptionoftheEnglishvocabulary.OfferaninsightintotheoriginanddevelopmentoftheEnglishvocabulary.Discusstheproblemsofword-structureandword-formationStudytheuseofEnglishwords,theirmeaningsandchangesinmeaning,theirsenserelations.Thesignificanceofthecourse:Developyourpersonalvocabularyandconsciouslyincreaseyourwordpower(activevocabulary).Understandword-meaningandorganize,classifyandstorewordsmoreeffectively.Raiseyourawarenessofmeaningandusages,usewordsmoreaccuratelyandappropriately.Developyourskillsandhabitsofanalyzingandgeneralizinglinguisticphenomenainyourlearningexperiences.Ultimatelyimproveyourreceptiveandproductiveskillsinlanguageprocessingaswellaslanguageproduction.RecommendedReadings:汪榕培、卢晓娟，1997，《英语词汇学教程》。上海：上海外语教育出版社。林承璋,2005,《英语语言学引论》。武汉：武汉大学出版社。林福美，1985，《现代英语词汇学》。合肥：安徽教育出版社。张维友，1999《英语词汇学》。北京：外语教学与研究出版社。张韵斐、周锡卿，1986，《现代英语词汇学概论》（AnIntroductiontoModernEnglishLexicology）。北京：北京师范大学出版社。Nation,I.S.P.1990.TeachingandLearningVocabulary.Boston:Heinle&Heinle.Nation,I.S.P.2001.LearningVocabularyinAnotherLanguage.Cambridge:CUP.GradingHomeworkassignmentsandattendance:30%FinalExam:70%ChapterIEnglishVocabulary:---AGeneralSurveyEnglishisalanguageofcomplexcomponents.Ontheonehand,English,asaGermaniclanguages,sharessimilargrammaticalstructuresandmanycommonwordswithotherlanguagesintheGermaniclanguagegroupsuchasGerman,Dutch,Danish,FlemishandSwedish.Ontheotherhand,halfofitsvocabularyisderivedfromtheLatindirectlyorFrenchandotherromancelanguages.Inaddition,Englishvocabularycontainsmanyborrowingfrommanyotherlanguagesintheworld,Hindi,Arabic,Malay,Chinese,AmericanIndians,etcItisnoexaggerationtosaythatEnglishhasanundoubtedcosmopolitanvocabulary.WhatwastheoriginalsourceofEnglishvocabulary?WhyandhowhasEnglishexpandeditsvocabularybyassimilatingsomanyforeignwordsinthecourseofitsdevelopment?WhataretheunderlyingreasonsfortherapidexpansionofEnglishvocabulary?HowisEnglishrelatedwithotherlanguagesintheworldintermsofvocabulary?Content1.1TheIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamily1.2TheHistoricaldevelopmentofEnglishVocabulary1.3NewSourcesofPresent-dayEnglishVocabulary1.4ModesofEnglishVocabularyDevelopmentWhatistheVocabulary?:Broadlyspeaking,allthewordsinalanguagetogetherconstitutewhatisknownasvocabulary.Thetermvocabularyusuallyreferstoacompleteinventoryofthewordsinalanguage.Butitmayalsorefertothewordsandphrasesusedinthevariantsofalanguage,suchasdialect,register,terminology,etc.ThereisatotalEnglishvocabularyofmorethan1million.TheroleofvocabularyinthelanguagesystemVocabularyisthebuildingmaterialofthelanguagesystem.Itisoneofthethereessentialelementsoflanguage:speechsounds,grammarandvocabulary.“Withoutgrammarverylittlecanbeconveyed,withoutvocabularynothingcanbeconveyed.”“…thereisasenseinwhichlearningaforeignlanguageisbasicallyamatteroflearningthevocabularyofthatlanguage.Notbeingabletofindthewordstoexpressyourselfisthemostfrustratingexperienceinspeakinganotherlanguage.”.Classificationoflanguages:1.TypologicalClassification(类型分类法)(语法的构造特点)Syntheticlanguage(综合语)showstherelationofwordsbyinflectionAnalyticlanguage(分析语)indicatestherelationofwordsinasentencebywordorder2.GeneticClassification(谱系分类法)（语言的共同来源和亲属关系）Sino-Tibetan(藏汉语系),Indo-European.(印欧语系),Semito-Hamitic（闪含语系),Bantu（班图语系),Uralic（乌拉尔语语系),Altaic（阿尔泰语系）,Malayo-Polynesian（马来-波利尼西亚语系）,Indian（印第安语系）CaucasianFamily（高加索语系）,Austro-AsiaticFamily(南亚语系)etc.语系（Family），语族（Sub-family），语支（Branch），分支（Sub-branch）但大多时候人们用Branch代表语族，这是简略说法。TheWorldLanguagesItisestimatedthatthereareabout5000languagesallovertheworld,whichcanbegroupedintoabout300languagefamilies,suchasSino-TibetanFamily,Indo-EuropeanFamily,AltaicFamily,andsoon.ChineseisamemberintheSino-TibetanFamily,whileEnglishisamemberintheIndo-EuropeanFamily.1.1TheIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamilyTheIndo-EuropeanFamilyhostsmostlanguagesofEurope,theNearEast,andIndia.LinguistshavedividedtheIndo-Europeanlanguagesintoseveralgroups,orbranches.Family(语系)vs.Branch（语支）Theonlydifferencebetweenabranchandafamilyisthatabranch’sproto-languagehasanidentifiedancestor:theancestorofProto-SiniticwasProto-Sino-Tibetan,butwedon’tknowwhattheancestorofProto-Sino-Tibetanis.Indo-Europeanfamily:Indo-Iraniangroup(印伊语族):Persian(波斯语),Sanskrit(梵文),Hindi(印地语).Urdu(乌尔都语),Bengali(孟加拉语的)Armenian（亚美尼亚语族):ArmenianSlavic（斯拉夫语族）:Russian,polishHellen