英美概况笔记(中英文对照整理版)[1]

英美国家概论路人整理2011-7-27目录第一章英国的国土与人民LANDANDPEOPLE..............................................................3第二章英国的起源THEORIGINSOFANATION.............................................................9第三章英国的形成THESHAPINGOFTHENATION......................................................16第四章向现代英国的过渡TRANSITIONTOTHEMODERNAGE..................................22第五章大英帝国的兴衰THERISEANDFALLOFTHEBRITISHEMPIRE.......................28第六章英国经济THEECONOMY..................................................................................40第八章法律与司法机构JUSTICEANDTHELAW.........................................................49第九章英国社会SOCIALAFFAIRS.................................................................................55第十章体育运动SPORTS..............................................................................................60第十三章美国地理位置GEOGRAPHY.......................................................................66第十四章美国人口种族POPULATION.RACEANDETHNICGROUPS........................70第十五章美国历史（一）AMERICANHISTORY(I).....................................................73第十六章美国历史（二）AMERICANHISTORY(II).................................................77第十七章美国历史（三）AMERICANHISTORY(III).................................................81第十八章美国经济THEECONOMY...........................................................................84第十九章政治制度POLITICALINSTITUTION.............................................................88第二十章美国教育EDUCATION................................................................................93第二十一章文化建筑和音乐LITERATURE,ARCHITECTUREANDMUSIC...............98第二十二章节日和假期HOLIDAYSANDFESTIVALS................................................102第二十二章节：HOLIDAYSANDFESTIVALS节日和假期..........................................102第一章英国的国土与人民LandandPeopleI.DifferentNamesforBritainanditsParts英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographicalnames:theBritishIsles,GreatBritainandEngland.地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。2.Officialname:theUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。3.TheBritishIslesaremadeupoftwolargeislands-GreatBritain(thelargerone)andIreland,andhundredsofsmallones.不列颠群岛由两个大岛-大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。4.ThreepoliticaldivisionsontheislandofGreatBritain:England,ScotlandandWales.大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。(1)EnglandisinthesouthernpartofGreatBritain.Itisthelargest,mostpopuloussection.英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。(2)ScotlandisinthenorthofGreatBritain.Ithasthreenaturalzones(theHighlandsinthenorth;theCentrallowlands;thesouthUplands)Capital:Edinburgh苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。它有三大自然区：北部高地，中部低地及南部山陵。首府：爱丁堡。(3)WalesisinthewestofGreatBritain.Capital:Cardiff威尔士位于大不列颠的西部。首府：加的夫(4)NorthernIrelandisthefourthregionoftheUK.Capital:Belfast.北爱尔兰是英国第四个区域。首府：贝尔法斯特。5.TheCommonwealth(ofnations)isafreeassociationofindependentcountriesthatwereoncecoloniesofBritain.Itwasfoundedin1931,andhas50membercountriesuntil1991.英联邦是曾为英国殖民地的、但现已独立国家所构成的自由联合体。它成立于1931年，至1990年止已有50个成员国。II.GeographicalFeatures英国的地理特征1.GeographicalpositionofBritain:英国的地理位置：Britainisanislandcountrysurroundedbythesea.ItliesintheNorthAtlanticOceanoffthenorthcoastofEurope.ItisseparatedfromtherestofEuropebytheEnglishChannelinthesouthandtheNorthSeaintheeast.英国是一个岛国。它位于大西洋北部，与欧洲大陆的北海岸隔海相望。南面的英吉利海峡和东面的北海将它与欧洲其它部分隔开。2.ThenorthandwestofBritainaremainlyhighlands;andtheeastandsoutheastaremostlylowlands.英国的西部和北部主要是高地，东部和东南部主要是低地。III.RiversandLakes河流与湖泊BenNevisisthehighestmountaininBritain(1,343m).本尼维斯山为英国最高峰，海拔1,343米。SevernRiveristhelongestriverinBritain(338km).塞文河是英国最长的河流。全长338公里。ThamesRiveristhesecondlongestandmostimportantriverinBritain.(336km).泰晤士河是英国第二大河，也是英国最重要的河。全长336公里。LoughNeaghisthelargestlakeinBritainwhichislocatedinNorthernIreland.(396squarekilometres).讷湖（内伊湖）是英国最大的湖，位于北爱尔兰。面积为396平方公里。RiverClydeisthemostimportantriverinScotland.克莱德河是苏格兰最重要的河流。SnowdoniaisthehighestmountaininWales.（1,085m）斯诺多尼亚是威尔士的最高点，海拔1,085米。IV.Climate气候1.Britain'sfavorableclimate英国有利的气候条件：Britainhasamaritimeclimate-wintersarenottoocoldandsummersarenottoohot.Ithasasteadyreliablerainfallthroughoutthewholeyear.Thetemperaturevarieswithinasmallrange.英国属于海洋性气候：冬季不过于寒冷，夏季不过于炎热。全年有稳定可靠的降雨量，气温变化幅度小。2.ThefactorsinfluencetheclimateinBritain:影响英国气候的因素：1）Thesurroundingwaterstendtobalancetheseasonaldifferencesbyheatingupthelandinwinterandcoolingitoffinsummer;环绕四周的海水。冬天，海水可使岛内气温升高，夏天则使气温降低，从而起到平衡季节温差的作用；2)Theprevailingsouth-westwindsortheWesterliesblowoverthecountryalltheyearroundbringingwarmandwetairinwinterandkeepingthetemperaturesmoderate;一年四季盛行的西南风和西风在冬季从大西洋带来温暖、潮湿的空气，使气温适宜；3）TheNorthAtlanticDriftpassesthewesterncoastoftheBritishIslesandwarmsthem.北大西洋暖流经不列颠群岛西海岸，使气候变暖。3.Rainfall降雨量：Britainhasasteadyreliablerainfallthroughoutthewholeyear.TheaverageannualrainfallinBritainisover1,000mm.Thereisawatersurplusinthenorthandwest,andawaterdeficitinthesouthandeast.英国全年降雨量稳定，平均降雨量超过1000毫米。英国北部、西部雨量过多，但是南部、东部有所缺乏。V.ThePeople人口1.populationdistribution人口分布：Britainhasapopulationofabout57millionsanditisveryunevenlydistributed.90%ofthepopulationisurbanandonly10%isrural.ThepopulationofBritainismadeupmainlyoftheEnglish(81.5%),theScottish(9.6%),theWelsh(1.9%),theIrish(2.4%),the