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从句一.定义1.句子分为简单句和复合句。简单句是只有一个主谓宾结构。复合句是由两个或两个以上的主谓宾结构构成的句子。2.复合句是由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子。主句是全句的主体,从句是主句的一个成分,它不能单独做句子,它在句子中作什么成分,就叫什么成分的从句,如作主语的就叫主语从句,作宾语的就叫宾语从句,作表语的就叫表语从句,作定语的叫定语从句,作状语的就叫状语从句。3.复合句主要有三大从句,即名词性从句(包括主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语从句)、形容词性从句(即定语从句)、副词性从句(即状语从句,包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等)。二.名词性从句(一)主语从句1.主语从句是指从句充当主语的句子。2.引导词;关系代词:(1)从句成分什么都不缺:that\whether\if(whether一般跟ornot搭配使用,if不能)ThattheearthisroundistrueWhethershecomesornotmakesnodifference(2)从句成分缺人:who\whom\whose\whoever\whomever(3)从句成分缺物:what\whaterer\which\whicheverWhowillbeourmonitorhasn'tbeendecidedyet.Whomwemuststudyforisaquestionofgreatimportance.Whosewatchwaslostisunknown.Whatcausedtheaccidentremainsunknown.Whateveryoudidisright.关系副词:where:(什么地方),从句中缺地点状语when:(什么时候),从句中缺时间状语why:(什么原因),从句中缺原因状语how:(如何,怎样),从句中缺方式状语WhereheisfromisthequestionnobodycananswerShedon’tknowhowshecangettothehospitalWhyheislateishewasillyesterday3.主语从句的特殊形式:it做形式主语的主语从句结构(1)Itis+名词+从句Itisafact\anhonorthat(2)itis+形容词+从句Itisnatural\obvious\possiblethat…(3)itis+不及物动词+从句Itseems\happenedthat…(4)it+过去分词+从句Itisreportedthat…据报道…Itissaidthat…据说…Ithasbeenprovedthat…已证实…4.主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况(1)if引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。(2)Itissaid,(reported)…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如:ItissaidthatPresidentJingowillvisitourschoolnextweek.(right)ThatPresidentJiangwillvisitourschoolnextweekissaid.(wrong)(3)Ithappens…,Itoccurs…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如:Itoccurredtohimthathefailedintheexamination.(right)Thathefailedintheexaminationoccurredtohim.(wrong)(4)Itdoesn’tmatterhow/whether…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如:Itdoesn’tmatterwhetherheiswrongornot.(right)Whetherheiswrongornotdoesn’tmatter.(wrong)(5)含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时,主语从句不可提前。例如:Isitlikelythatitwillrainintheevening?(right)Isthatwillrainintheeveninglikely?(wrong)5.注意:(1)主语从句的时态:不受主句的时态影响和限制。Whetherwewillgoforanoutingtomorrowremainsunknown.Whowillbeourmonitorhasn'tbeendecidedyet.(2)主语从句中的引导词放在句首不能省略(二).宾语从句1.从句在主句中充当宾语的句子是宾语从句2.引导词3.宾语从句的几种形式(1)做及物动词的宾语Iheardthathejoinedthearmy.Iwonderwhetheryoucanchangethisnoteforme.Shetoldmethatshewouldacceptmyinvitation.(2)作介词的宾语Oursuccessdependsuponhowhardwework(3).作形容词的宾语Iamafraid(that)I’vemadeamistake.Iamgladthatyouhavemadesuchprogress(4)动词+it+that结构It做形式宾语,代替that引导的宾语从句Hehasmadeitclearthathewon’tgiveuptheopportunityWeconsideritnecessarythatweshouldopenout(5)宾语从句否定的转移若主句谓语动词为think,consider,suppose,believe,expect,guess,imagine等,其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义,一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上,从句谓语用肯定式。例如:Idon’tthinkthisdressfitsyouwell.4.注意:(1)宾语从句的语序是陈述句语序(2)如果主句谓语是现在时或将来时,宾语从句的谓语时态不受限制,如果主句时态是过去时,宾语从句一般要随着改为相应的过去时(即一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时、过去将来时等)。Hethoughthewasworkingforthepeople.IheardshehadbeentotheGreatWall.Johnhopedthathewouldfindajobsoon.但宾语从句如果表示定理法则、永恒真理等,则不变化:Theteachertoldusthattheearthmovesaroundthesun(三)表语从句从句在主句中充当表语成分的句子是表语从句。一般结构是“主语+连系动词+表语从句”Thequestioniswhetherwecanmakegoodpreparationinsuchashorttime.Thisiswhywecan’tgetthesupportofthepeopleButthefactremainsthatwearebehindtheotherclasses.(四)同位语从句1.同位语从句是修饰前面名词的从句。Theking’sdecisionthattheprisonerwouldbesetfreesurprisedallthepeople.Theorderthatallthesoldiersshouldstaystillisgivenbythegeneral2.同位语在句子中的位置同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面,而是被别的词隔开。例如:HegotthenewsfromMarythatthesportsmeetingwasputoff.3.同位语从句与定语从句的区别(1)定语从句中的that既代替先行词,同时以在从句中作某个成分(主语或宾语),而同位语从句中的that是连词,只起连接主句与从句的作用,不充当句中任何成分。(2)定语从句是形容词性的,其功能是修饰先行词,对先行词加以限定,描述定的性质或特征;同位语从句是名词性的,其功能是对名词进行补充说明。例如:ThenewsthathetoldmeisthatTomwouldgoabroadnextyear.(他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。)(第一个that引导的从句是定语从句,that在从句中作宾语)ThenewsthatTomwouldgoabroadistoldbyhim.(汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。)(同位语从句,that在句中不作任何成分)三.形容性从句(定语从句)(一)含义:从句充当定语成分的句子叫做定语从句。定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。先行词:被定语从句修饰的成份。先行词可以为一个词,短语,或整个主句。引导定语从句的词叫关系词,分为关系代词和关系副词。(二)限制性定语从句1.限制性定语是指定语从句紧跟它所修饰的中心名词或代词之后,没有逗号分开。2.引导词:分为关系代词和关系副词。(1)关系代词引导的定语从句:that:指代人、事物,作主语、宾语,做宾语时可以省略who:指代人,做主语whom:指代人,做宾语,可以省略。它在口语和非正式用语中常用who代替,可以省略Themanwho\whomyoumetjustnowismybrother.which:指代事物,做主语、宾语。做宾语可以省略whose:指代人、物,做定语,其后直接加名词Hehasafriendwhosefatherisadoctor.Theclassroomwhosedoorisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.指物时常用以下结构代替:Theclassroomwhosedoorisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.——Theclassroomthedoorofwhichisbrokenwillsoonberepaired(2)关系副词引导的定语从句:where:指地点,在定语从句中做地点状语ShaihaiisthecitywhereIwasborn\ThehousewhereIlivetenyearsagohasbeenpulleddownwhen:指时间,在定语从句中做时间状语IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametotheschoolwhy:指原因,在定语从句中做原因状语Pleasetellmethereasonwhyyoumissedtheplane注意:关系副词引导的定语从句都可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来代替Shaihaiisthecitywhere\inwhichIwasbornIstillrememberthedaywhen\onwhichIfirstcametotheschoolPleasetellmethereasonwhy\forwhichyoumissedtheplane练习:Aletter------iswritteninpencilisdifficulttoread.(主语)Doyouknowthegentleman-----spokejustnow?Youcantakeanything----youlike.(宾语)Whatisthequestion-----theyaretalkingabout?Hereistheman-----youwanttosee.3.注意(1)限制性定语从句中只能用that的几种情况:A当先行词是anything,everything,nothing(something除外),few,all,none,little,some等代词时,或者是由every,any,all,some,no,little,few,much等代词修饰时,要用thatHaveyoutakendowneverythingthatMr.Lihassaid?Thereseemstobenothingthatseemsimpossibleforhimintheworld.Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.B当先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰,如:first\last\next等ThefirstplacethattheyvisitedinLondonwastheBigBen.C当先行词是形容词最高
本文标题:高考英语从句总复习
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