高考英语阅读理解题型突破判断推理类

用心爱心专心09二轮专题1：阅读理解题型专项突破之三——推理判断画川高级中学王文华【命题特点】这类题属于主观题，是层次较高的设题。它包括判断和推理题。这两类题常常相互依存，推理是为了得出正确的判断，正确的判断又依赖于合乎逻辑的推理。推理题要求在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，做出一定判断和推论，从而得到文章的隐含意义和深层意义。推理题所涉及的内容可能是文中某一句话，也可是某几句话，但做题的指导思想都是以文字信息为依据，既不能做出在原文中找不到文字根据的推理，也不能根据表面文字信息做多步推理。所以，推理题的答案只能是根据原文表面文字信息一步推出的答案：即对原文某一句话或某几句话所作的同义改写(paraphrase)或综合。【常见考法】推理题经常使用的提问方式有：Itcanbeinferred/concludedthat___________.Whichofthefollowingconclusionscanwedrawaccordingtothepassage?Inwhichofthefollowingpublicationwouldthispassagemostlikelybeprinted?Thepassageimplies,butdoesn'tdirectlystatethat___________.Thewritersuggeststhat___________.What'stheauthor'sattitudetoward___________?Thewriterprobablyfeelsthat___________.Theauthorusestheexamplesof...toshowthat___________.判定推理是一种创造性的思维活动，但它并非无章可循。推理判定题要在阅读理解整体语篇的基础上，把握文章的真正内涵。①要吃透文章的字面意思，从字里行间捕捉有用的提示和线索，这是推理的前提和基础；②要对文字的表面信息进行挖掘加工，由表入里，由浅入深，从具体到抽象，从非凡到一般，通过分析、综合、判定等，进行深层处理，符合逻辑地推理。不能就是论事，断章取义，以偏概全。③要忠实于原文，以文章提供的事实和线索为依据。立足已知，推断未知。立足现在，猜测未来。不用心爱心专心能主观臆想，凭空想象，随意揣测，更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点；④要把握句、段之间的逻辑关系，了解语篇的结构。要体会文章的基调，揣摸作者的态度，摸准逻辑发展的方向，悟出作者的弦外之音。一、细节推断题要求考生根据语篇关系，推断具体细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件等。一般可根据短文提供的信息，或者借助生活常识进行推理判定。【例题】Avisitorvisitsanislandwheretwotribeslive.Onetribealwaystellsthetruthandtheotheralwayslies.Thetruthtellersliveonthewesternsideoftheisland,andthosewholieliveontheeasternside.Thevisitorwantstodeterminewhetherthenativebesidehimisatruthtellerornotbyaskingonlyonequestion.Heasksthenative,“Goandaskthenativeinthedistancewhichsideoftheislandheliveson.”Whenthemessengerreturns,hesays,Hesaidhelivesonthewesternsideoftheisland.Isthemessengeratruthtellerornot?Howcanthevisitorbesure?1.Accordingtothemessenger'sanswer,thevisitorcanconcludethat_______________A.Themessengerlivesonthewesternsideoftheislandbecausehetellsthetruth.B.themessengerlivesontheeasternsideoftheislandbecausehisanswermaybealie.C.it'shardtodeterminewhetherthemessengerisatruthtellerornot.D.themessengerprobablylivesinthewesternsideoftheislandbecausehisanswermaybetrue.2.Thenativeinthedistancesayshelivesonthewesternsideoftheisland.Accordingtohisanswer,whichconclusionofthefollowingiswrong?A.Hemayliveontheeasternsideoftheisland.B.Hemayliveonthewesternsideoftheisland.C.Hemaybetellingthetruth.D.Hecan'tbetellingthetruth.解析:第1题是推测有关信使（近处的当地人）的情况的。我们知道，讲真话的部落住在岛的西部，撒谎的部落住在岛的东部。这个信使去问远方的当地人住在岛的哪一边（东部还用心爱心专心是西部）。远方的当地人只能有两种情况，要么住在岛的西部，要么住在岛的东部。假如他住在岛的西部，他就是一个讲真话的人，他就会如实回答他住在西部。假如他住在岛的东部，他就是一个撒谎的人。他本来住在东部，但在回答时，必须要说谎，他只能回答他住在西部。所以远方的当地人不管是住在东部还是西部，他的回答只有一个：“我住在西部”。假如信使告诉参观者远方的当地人住在西部，信使无疑是说了真话，那么信使一定是住在岛的西部。反之，假如信使告诉参观者远方的当地人住在东部，那么信使就说了假话，信使肯定住在东部。故此题答案是A。第2题是推测远方的当地人的情况的。从短文提供的信息来看，我们无法判定远方的当地是住在岛的东部还是岛的西部，两种情况都是可能存在的。此题要留意情态动词的语气。A.“他可能住在岛的西部”;B.“他可能住在岛的东部”;C.“他可能讲了真话”。上述A、B、C三种情况都是可能的。D.“他不可能讲真话”，语气太绝对。推测错误。故答案为D。二、因果推断题要求考生根据已知结果推测导致结果的可能原因。考生要正确把握文章的内涵，理解文章的真正含义。Whentheyoungwaitressnearmyhousestartedsayinghellotomeeveryday,Iwasveryhappy.ShewasatleastfifteenyearsyoungerthanI.Onedayshesignedmetocomenear.WhenIwalkedover,sheasked,“Areyousingle?“Why,yes.Ianswered,smilingatherhappily.“Soismymother.shesaid,“Wouldyouliketomeether?1.Thewritertalkedaboutthewaitress'agebecausehethought___________.A.shewasyoungB.itapleasuretomakefriendswithherC.shewasbeautifulD.itstrangeforhertofallinlovewithhim2.Thewaitresssaidhellotothewritereverydaybecause___________.A.shelivednearhishouseB.heoftenwenttovisithermotherC.shewantedtobefriendlywithhimD.shelovedhimverymuch解析:这是两道推测原因的题目。女服务员天天向作者示好，作者产生误解，以为女孩对他有意。考虑到他们年龄相差悬殊，作者认为女孩爱上他有点希奇。故第1题答案是D。用心爱心专心女孩问作者是否单身，并提到她母亲也是单身，并邀请他与她母亲见面，可见，女孩天天向他问好，目的是想取得他的好感，进而搓和他和她母亲。第2题答案是C。Theentertainmentprofessionor“showbusinessattractsmanyyoungpeople.Unfortunately,onlyveryfewcanhopetobecomefamousandsuccessful.Talentisnotenough,becauseshowbusinessisascompetitiveasanyotherbusiness.Withoutagoodmanager,aperformercanneverhopetosucceed.Fashionisimportantinthisbusiness,too.Thebesttailorintheworldwillneverbeasuccessifhemakesold-fashionedclothes.Inexactlythesameway,aperformermustchangehis“actinordertofollowthetasteofthemoment.Thisistrueforactors,dancersandcomedians,butperhapsmostofallsingers.“Popstandsfor“popularandapopsingerhastoworkveryhardtobecomepopular.Hemusteithergivethepublicwhattheyalreadywant,orhemustfindanewwayofsingingthatwillattracttheirattention.Evenwhenhehassucceeded,andhisrecordsaresoldeverywhere,hecannotrelax.Thenhemustworkharderthaneverbecausetherearealwaysyoungersingerstryingtobecomefamousandtostealsomeofthepopularity.Thelifeofasuccessfulpopsingerisnotatalleasy.Hecanonlyrelaxwhenheisalone,becauseeverythinghedoesiswatchedandreportedinthespecialnewspaperwrittenforthe“fans”.Thefansarethemostimportantpeopleintheworldforthesingers.Theybuyhisrecords,theygotohisconcertsandtheymakehimrichandfamous.Buttheycanbeveryannoying,too.Sometimestheirenthusiasmgetsohystericalthattheydoanythingtogeta“souvenir（纪念品）.Theystealhandkerchiefs,theytearoffbuttons,andtheyevencutoffpiecesoftheunfortunatesinger'shair.Manysingershavebeenforcedtohide.Apopsingerhastospendalotofmoneyonclothes,becausehemustalwayslooksmartoratanyratedifferent.Hemusthavealuxuriouscar.And—mostimporta