高中语法定语从句的详细讲解

1定语从句详解与练习（一）定义及相关术语1．定语从句：修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。2．先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。3．关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that,which,who,whom,whose,as关系副词有when,where,why.注意：关系代词与关系副词在定语从句中充当不同的句子成分，定语从句中缺主、宾、表，用关系代词；缺状语用关系副词，何为句子成分？五大基本句1.主+谓（Vi）Icome.2.主+谓（Vt）+宾Iloveyou.3.主+谓（Vt）+间宾+直宾Igivehimabook.4.主+谓（Vt）+宾+宾补Imakehimhappy.5.主+系+表Iamtall.（二）关系代词引导的定语从句1．which指物，在定语从句中做主语、宾语、表语。Thehousewhichisbythelakelooksnice.（主）湖边的那幢房子看上去很漂亮。Thisisthepen（which）heboughtyesterday.（宾）这是他昨天买的钢笔。Shewasfondofdancing,whichherbrotherneverwas.(表)她喜欢跳舞,她弟弟从不喜欢。2．that指人/物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语。Thenumberofpeoplethatcometovisitthiscityeachyearreachesonemillion.（人主）每年来参观这座城市的人数达一百万。Whereistheman（that）Isawthismorning?（人宾）我今天早上看到的那个人在哪儿？Heisnolongeralittleboythatheusedtobe.（人表）他已经不再是以前那个小男孩儿了。Theseasonthatcomesafterspringissummer.（物主）春天以后的季节是夏季。Theperson（that）youintroducedtomeisverykind.（物宾）你介绍给我的那个人很友好。3.who指人，在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语。TheboyswhoareplayingfootballarefromClassOne.(主)正在踢足球的男孩是一班的。Heistheman（who）Italkedabouttoyou.（宾）他就是我给你提到的那位男士。Heisnolongerthemanwhoheusedtobe.(表)他不再是以前的那个他了。4．whom指人，在定语从句中做宾语，常可省略。LiMingisjusttheboy(whom)Iwanttosee.李明正是我想要见的男孩。5．whose指人/物，在定语从句中作定语，表所属，“……的”Ivisitedascientistwhosenameisknownalloverthecountry.（人）我拜访了一个全国知名的科学家。Ioncelivedinthehousewhoseroofhasfallenin.（物）我曾经住在那幢屋顶已经倒塌了的房子里。特殊情况归纳总结规则1：关系代词若在限制性定语从句中做宾语并且前面无介词时，关系代词可省略。Sheisthewoman(whom/who/that)Isawyesterday.2规则2：定语从句中的主谓一致(1)关系代词在定语从句中做主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致I,whoamyourclosefriend,willtrymybesttohelpyou.(2)oneof+复数名词+关系代词+复数动词theonlyoneof+复数名词+关系代词+单数动词，Tomisoneoftheboyswhohavepassedtheexam.Tomistheonlyoneoftheboyswhohaspassedtheexam(3)非限制性定语从句中，由关系代词as或which代替整个主句时，从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。GreatchangeshavetakenplaceinChina,as/whichisknowntoall.规则3：定语从句中的关系代词只能用that的情况(1)修饰词+先行词+that（theonly,thevery,any,few,thefirst,thebest等）ThisistheverydictionarythatIwanttobuy.ThefirstplacethattheyvisitedinLondonwastheBigBen.(2)先行词为不定代词+that(everything,something,nobody,none,all,few,any等)Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.Isthereanythingthatyouwanttobuy?(3)Who/Which(主句的主语)……+that(避免重复)Whoisthemanthatisstandingthere?Whichisthebookthatyouboughtyesterday?(4)先行词（人+物）+thatWetalkedaboutthebooksandwritersthatweknew.(5)有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词已经用了which,另一个则用that.Theyhavesetupacompany,whichdealswiththethingsthatarerelatedtoenvironmentprotection.(6)当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词也在从句中作表语时，只用that.Hangzhouisnomorethecitythatitusedtobe.规则4：定语从句中关系代词只能用which的情况(1)在引导非限制性定语从句时______,which/who/who…….Thetree,whichisfourhundredyearsold,isveryfamoushere.(2)in/on/from(介词)+which/whomWedependonthelandfromwhichwegetourfood.HeistheboyfromwhomIborrowedthebook.(3)有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词已经用that,另一个则用which规则5:指人时，定语从句中关系代词只能用who的情况(1)当先行词是anyone,those时Isthereanyonewhocanhelpme?(2)有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词已经用that,另一个则用who3规则6:whose既可以指人又可以指物，在定语从句中作定语，后跟名词。指物时，whose+名词=名词+ofwhich=ofwhich+名词Theclassroomwhosedoor/thedoorofwhich/ofwhichthedoorisbrokenisonthesecondfloor.规则7：as和which的区别(1)as引导的非限制性定语从句既可以在主句前，也可以在主句后，有时还可以插入句中，意为“正如……,正像……”；which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后，译成“这”Asweknow,smokingisharmfultoone’shealth.Smokingisharmfultoone’shealth,as/whichisknowntoall.(2)特殊代词as的用法①.such……as……Ihopetogetsuchadictionaryasheisusing.②so……as……Ihaveneverseensocleveraboyashe(is).③.thesame……as……(表同一类)/thesame……that……（表同一个）ThisisthesamepenasIlostlastweek.这只笔跟我昨天掉的那支笔一样。ThisisthesamepenthatIlostlastweek.这支笔就只我昨天掉的那支笔。规则8：“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句，指人时用whom,指物时用which某些带有介词的动词短语，介词可以提至关系代词前，但在一些固定搭配的短语动词中，由于动词和介词不可以分割，不能将介词置于关系代词之前。如takecareof,lookfor,lookafter,carefor等。HeistheboyfromwhomIborrowedthebook.HeistheboywhomIborrowedthebookfrom.Thisisthebookwhich/thatIamlookingfor.（三）关系副词引导的定语从句1.when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语；when=表示时间的介词（in/at/on/during…）+which.Istillrememberthedayswhen/duringwhichIstayedinBeijing.(作状)Istillrememberthedayswhich/thatwespenttogether.（作宾）2.where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语，where=表示地点的介词（in/at/on/under…）+which.Heshowedmetheplacewhere/inwhichhelived.(作状)Thisistheplacewhich/thatwevisitedlastyear.（作宾）3.why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语，why=表示原因的介词（for）+whichIdon’tknowthereasonwhy/forwhichhelooksunhappytoday.(作状)Thereasonwhich/thatyougaveuswasunacceptable.（作宾）特殊情况归纳总结规则1：theway作先行词的时候，定语从句中不缺主、宾、表时，用inwhich,that,/。定语从句中若缺主、宾、表，则用which,that。Theway(inwhich,that,/)heansweredthequestionswassuprising.Theway(which,that)heexplainedtouswasquietsimple.规则2：一些特殊的先行词如situation,point,case,activity,scene,period,festival,occasion等4要注意具体情况具体分析，作主、宾、表时，用关系代词that/which;作状语时，用关系副词where/when或“介词+which”。Thereisapoint(that/which)wemustinsiston.Wearejusttryingtoreachapoint(where/atwhich)bothsideswillsitdowntogetherandtalk.注意：定语从句中的关系词选择规则：作主、宾、表关系代词（which/that/who/whom/as）作状语关系副词（where/when/why）作定语关系代词（whose）(四)定语从句和其他句型之间的区别1.定语从句与结果状语从句Heissuchagoodboyaseveryonelikes.Heissuchagoodboythateveryonelikeshim.2.非限制性定语从句与并列句Hesaidnothing,whichmademeangry.Hesaidnothing,andthatmademeangry.TherearetwoboysinPeter’s,bothofwhomarewhite.TherearetwoboysinPeter’s,andbothofthemarewhite.3.定语从句与地点状语从句Thiskindofplantgrowsbestattheplacewhereitiswarmandwet.Thiskindofplantgrowsbestwhereitiswarmandwet.4.定语从句与名词性从句Asisknowntousall,thelightonthe