高中高考常用化学方程式总结

高中常用化学方程式总结1,氧化性：F2+H2===2HFF2+Xe(过量)===XeF22F2（过量）+Xe===XeF4nF2+2M===2MFn(表示大部分金属)2F2+2H2O===4HF+O22F2+2NaOH===2NaF+OF2+H2OF2+2NaCl===2NaF+Cl2F2+2NaBr===2NaF+Br2F2+2NaI===2NaF+I2F2+Cl2(等体积)===2ClF3F2(过量)+Cl2===2ClF37F2(过量)+I2===2IF7Cl2+H2===2HCl3Cl2+2P===2PCl3Cl2+PCl3===PCl5Cl2+2Na===2NaCl3Cl2+2Fe===2FeCl3Cl2+2FeCl2===2FeCl3Cl2+Cu===CuCl22Cl2+2NaBr===2NaCl+Br2Cl2+2NaI===2NaCl+I25Cl2+I2+6H2O===2HIO3+10HClCl2+Na2S===2NaCl+SCl2+H2S===2HCl+SCl2+SO2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HClCl2+H2O2===2HCl+O22O2+3Fe===Fe3O4O2+K===KO2S+H2===H2S2S+C===CS2S+Fe===FeSS+2Cu===Cu2S3S+2Al===Al2S3S+Zn===ZnSN2+3H2===2NH3N2+3Mg===Mg3N2N2+3Ca===Ca3N2N2+3Ba===Ba3N2N2+6Na===2Na3NN2+6K===2K3NN2+6Rb===2Rb3NP2+6H2===4PH3P+3Na===Na3P2P+3Zn===Zn3P22．还原性S+O2===SO2S+O2===SO2S+6HNO3(浓)===H2SO4+6NO2+2H2O3S+4HNO3(稀)===3SO2+4NO+2H2ON2+O2===2NO4P+5O2===P4O10(常写成P2O5)2P+3X2===2PX3（X表示F2，Cl2，Br2）PX3+X2===PX5P4+20HNO3(浓)===4H3PO4+20NO2+4H2OC+2F2===CF4C+2Cl2===CCl42C+O2(少量)===2COC+O2(足量)===CO2C+CO2===2COC+H2O===CO+H2(生成水煤气)2C+SiO2===Si+2CO(制得粗硅)Si(粗)+2Cl===SiCl4(SiCl4+2H2===Si(纯)+4HCl)Si(粉)+O2===SiO2Si+C===SiC(金刚砂)Si+2NaOH+H2O===Na2SiO3+2H23，（碱中）歧化Cl2+H2O===HCl+HClO（加酸抑制歧化，加碱或光照促进歧化）Cl2+2NaOH===NaCl+NaClO+H2O2Cl2+2Ca（OH）2===CaCl2+Ca（ClO）2+2H2O3Cl2+6KOH（热，浓）===5KCl+KClO3+3H2O3S+6NaOH===2Na2S+Na2SO3+3H2O4P+3KOH（浓）+3H2O===PH3+3KH2PO211P+15CuSO4+24H2O===5Cu3P+6H3PO4+15H2SO43C+CaO===CaC2+CO3C+SiO2===SiC+2CO二，金属单质（Na，Mg，Al，Fe）的还原性2Na+H2===2NaH4Na+O2===2Na2O2Na2O+O2===2Na2O22Na+O2===Na2O22Na+S===Na2S（爆炸）2Na+2H2O===2NaOH+H22Na+2NH3===2NaNH2+H24Na+TiCl4（熔融）===4NaCl+TiMg+Cl2===MgCl2Mg+Br2===MgBr22Mg+O2===2MgOMg+S===MgSMg+2H2O===Mg（OH）2+H22Mg+TiCl4（熔融）===Ti+2MgCl2Mg+2RbCl===MgCl2+2Rb2Mg+CO2===2MgO+C2Mg+SiO2===2MgO+SiMg+H2S===MgS+H2Mg+H2SO4===MgSO4+H22Al+3Cl2===2AlCl34Al+3O2===2Al2O3（钝化）4Al(Hg)+3O2+2xH2O===2(Al2O3.xH2O)+4Hg4Al+3MnO2===2Al2O3+3Mn2Al+Cr2O3===Al2O3+2Cr2Al+Fe2O3===Al2O3+2Fe2Al+3FeO===Al2O3+3Fe2Al+6HCl===2AlCl3+3H22Al+3H2SO4===Al2(SO4)3+3H22Al+6H2SO4(浓)===Al2(SO4)3+3SO2+6H2O(Al,Fe在冷,浓的H2SO4,HNO3中钝化)Al+4HNO(稀)===Al(NO3)3+NO+2H2O2Al+2NaOH+2H2O===2NaAlO2+3H22Fe+3Br2===2FeBr3Fe+I2===FeI2Fe+S===FeS3Fe+4H2O(g)===Fe3O4+4H2Fe+2HCl===FeCl2+H2Fe+CuCl2===FeCl2+CuFe+SnCl4===FeCl2+SnCl2(铁在酸性环境下,不能把四氯化锡完全还原为单质锡Fe+SnCl2==FeCl2+Sn)三,非金属氢化物(HF,HCl,H2O,H2S,NH3)1,还原性:4HCl(浓)+MnO2===MnCl2+Cl2+2H2O4HCl(g)+O2===2Cl2+2H2O16HCl+2KMnO4===2KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2+8H2O14HCl+K2Cr2O7===2KCl+2CrCl3+3Cl2+7H2O2H2O+2F2===4HF+O22H2S+3O2(足量)===2SO2+2H2O2H2S+O2(少量)===2S+2H2O2H2S+SO2===3S+2H2OH2S+H2SO4(浓)===S+SO2+2H2O3H2S+2HNO(稀)===3S+2NO+4H2O5H2S+2KMnO4+3H2SO4===2MnSO4+K2SO4+5S+8H2O3H2S+K2Cr2O7+4H2SO4===Cr2(SO4)3+K2SO4+3S+7H2OH2S+4Na2O2+2H2O===Na2SO4+6NaOH2NH3+3CuO===3Cu+N2+3H2O2NH3+3Cl2===N2+6HCl8NH3+3Cl2===N2+6NH4Cl4NH3+3O2(纯氧)===2N2+6H2O4NH3+5O2===4NO+6H2O4NH3+6NO===5N2+6HO(用氨清除NO)NaH+H2O===NaOH+H24NaH+TiCl4===Ti+4NaCl+2H2CaH2+2H2O===Ca(OH)2+2H22,酸性:4HF+SiO2===SiF4+2H2O（此反应广泛应用于测定矿样或钢样中SiO2的含量）2HF+CaCl2===CaF2+2HClH2S+Fe===FeS+H2H2S+CuCl2===CuS+2HClH2S+2AgNO3===Ag2S+2HNO3H2S+HgCl2===HgS+2HClH2S+Pb(NO3)2===PbS+2HNO3H2S+FeCl2===2NH3+2Na==2NaNH2+H2(NaNH2+H2O===NaOH+NH3)3，碱性：NH3+HCl===NH4ClNH3+HNO3===NH4NO32NH3+H2SO4===(NH4)2SO4NH3+NaCl+H2O+CO2===NaHCO3+NH4Cl（此反应用于工业制备小苏打，苏打）4，不稳定性：2HF===H2+F22HCl===H2+Cl22H2O===2H2+O22H2O2===2H2O+O2H2S===H2+S2NH3===N2+3H2四，非金属氧化物低价态的还原性：2SO2+O2===2SO32SO2+O2+2H2O===2H2SO4（这是SO2在大气中缓慢发生的环境化学反应）SO2+Cl2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HClSO2+Br2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HBrSO2+I2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HISO2+NO2===SO3+NO2NO+O2===2NO2NO+NO2+2NaOH===2NaNO2（用于制硝酸工业中吸收尾气中的NO和NO2）2CO+O2===2CO2CO+CuO===Cu+CO23CO+Fe2O3===2Fe+3CO2CO+H2O===CO2+H2氧化性：SO2+2H2S===3S+2H2OSO3+2KI===K2SO3+I2NO2+2KI+H2O===NO+I2+2KOH（不能用淀粉KI溶液鉴别溴蒸气和NO2）4NO2+H2S===4NO+SO3+H2O2NO2+Cu===4CuO+N2CO2+2Mg===2MgO+C(CO2不能用于扑灭由Mg,Ca,Ba,Na,K等燃烧的火灾)SiO2+2H2===Si+2H2OSiO2+2Mg===2MgO+Si3,与水的作用:SO2+H2O===H2SO3SO3+H2O===H2SO43NO2+H2O===2HNO3+NON2O5+H2O===2HNO3P2O5+H2O===2HPO3P2O5+3H2O===2H3PO4(P2O5极易吸水,可作气体干燥剂P2O5+3H2SO4(浓)===2H3PO4+3SO3)CO2+H2O===H2CO34,与碱性物质的作用:SO2+2NH3+H2O===(NH4)2SO3SO2+(NH4)2SO3+H2O===2NH4HSO3(这是硫酸厂回收SO2的反应.先用氨水吸收SO2,再用H2SO4处理:2NH4HSO3+H2SO4===(NH4)2SO4+2H2O+2SO2生成的硫酸铵作化肥,SO2循环作原料气)SO2+Ca(OH)2===CaSO3+H2O(不能用澄清石灰水鉴别SO2和CO2.可用品红鉴别)SO3+MgO===MgSO4SO3+Ca(OH)2===CaSO4+H2OCO2+2NaOH(过量)===Na2CO3+H2OCO2(过量)+NaOH===NaHCO3CO2+Ca(OH)2(过量)===CaCO3+H2O2CO2(过量)+Ca(OH)2===Ca(HCO3)2CO2+2NaAlO2+3H2O===2Al(OH)3+Na2CO3CO2+C6H5ONa+H2O===C6H5OH+NaHCO3SiO2+CaO===CaSiO3SiO2+2NaOH===Na2SiO3+H2O(常温下强碱缓慢腐蚀玻璃)SiO2+Na2CO3===Na2SiO3+CO2SiO2+CaCO3===CaSiO3+CO2五,金属氧化物1,低价态的还原性:6FeO+O2===2Fe3O4FeO+4HNO3===Fe(NO3)3+NO2+2H2O2,氧化性:Na2O2+2Na===2Na2O（此反应用于制备Na2O）MgO，Al2O3几乎没有氧化性，很难被还原为Mg，Al.一般通过电解制Mg和Al.Fe2O3+3H2===2Fe+3H2O(制还原铁粉)Fe3O4+4H2===3Fe+4H2O3,与水的作用:Na2O+H2O===2NaOH2Na2O2+2H2O===4NaOH+O2(此反应分两步:Na2O2+2H2O===2NaOH+H2O2;2H2O2===2H2O+O2.H2O2的制备可利用类似的反应:BaO2+H2SO4(稀)===BaSO4+H2O2)MgO+H2O===Mg(OH)2(缓慢反应)4,与酸性物质的作用:Na2O+SO3===Na2SO4Na2O+CO2===Na2CO3Na2O+2HCl===2NaCl+H2O2Na2O2+2CO2===2Na2CO3+O2Na2O2+H2SO4(冷,稀)===Na2SO4+H2O2MgO+SO3===MgSO4MgO+H2SO4===MgSO4+H2OAl2O3+3H2SO4===Al2(SO4)3+3H2O(Al2O3是两性氧化物:Al2O3+2NaOH===2NaAlO2+H2O)FeO+2HCl===FeCl2+3H2OFe2O3+6HCl===2FeCl3+3H2OFe2O3+3