高中英语定语从句详解与练习(无答案)

11高中英语定语从句详解Ⅰ.概念：(1)定语从句：在主从复合句中用作定语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧接在先行词(antecedent)后面。(2)先行词：被定语从句修饰的成份。先行词可以为一个词，短语，或整个主句。(3)引导定语从句的词叫关系词，分为关系代词和关系副词。关系词的作用：1)引导定语从句，连接主句和从句，相当于一个连词；2)必在从句中作某个句子成份（可以做主语，宾语，表语，定语，状语）常用的关系代词:that、which、who、whom、as,在从句中作主语，宾语，whose定语)常用的关系副词（在从句中只作状语）:when、why、whereThestudentwhoansweredthequestionwasJohn.Iknowthereasonwhyhewassoangry.Theboy(whom)youaretalkingtoismybrother.I'dlikearoomwhosewindowlooksoutoverthesea.定语从句三步：第一找出先行词；第二看先行词在定语从句中的语法功能（做主语、宾语或状语）；第三选择合适的关系词。Ⅱ.几个关系代词的基本用法：●that:可指人或物；在定语从句中作主语，宾语，表语。(指人时，相当于who或whom；指物时，相当于which)(一般不用于非限制性定语从句;不可置于介词后作宾语)如：1.Doyouknowthegentlemanthat/whospokejustnow?2.Youcantakeanything(that)youlike.3.Whatisthequestion(that/which)theyaretalkingabout?4.Hereistheman(who/whom/that)youwanttosee.5.She'snolongerthegirl(that)sheusedtobebefore.●which:指物；在定语从句中作主语，宾语，表语，定语。如：1.Thebookwhich/thatwasonthedeskwasboughtbymyfather.2.Thebook(which/that)Iboughtyesterdayisveryinteresting.3.Thefactoryinwhichhisfatherworksisfarfromhere.●who,whom,whose:who:主格,在从句中作主语，在口语或非正式用法中作宾语;只可指人whom:宾格，在从句中作宾语;只可指人whose:属格，在从句中作定语，可指人也可指物。1.Ilikethestudentswho/thatworkhard.2.Allwhoheardthestorywereamazed.(代词如he,they,any,those,all,one等后多用who.)3.He'samanfromwhomweshouldlearn.=He'saman(whom/who/that)weshouldlearnfrom.4.Achildwhoseparentsaredeadiscalledanorphan.5.I'dlikearoomwhosewindowfacessouth.=I'dlikearoomofwhichthewindowfacessouth.=I'dlikearoomthewindowofwhichfacessouth.22关系代词作介词宾语：（介词+whom/which）关系代词在定语从句中用作介词宾语时,介词可放于从句之首,也可放于从句之末.但以放于句首较为正式.（介词前置，必须注意不影响动词词组的含义。）1.Thisisthebookforwhichyouasked.=Thisisthebook(that/which)youaskedfor.2.DoyouknowthepersonwithwhomIshookhands？=Doyouknowtheperson(whom/who/that)Ishookhandswith?3.Isthisthefactorytowhichyoupaidavisitlastweek?4.Isthisfactorytheonetowhichyoupaidavisitlastweek?5.Thisisthegirlwhomtheyarelookingafter.(介词after与look构成固定词组，不可前置。lookat,lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等)●as的用法:(as引导定语从句,在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语)①如为限制性的，多用于thesame…as;thesameas；such…as…;asmany/muchas；so…as等结构中。如：※1.Ihavethesamebookasyou(have).我有一本和你的一样的书。2..---Whydidn'tyoumentionthatinfaceofthepolicejustnow?---Ithoughtitwassuchaminordetailaswashardlyworthmentioning.3.Don'tdosuchthingsasyouarenotsureabout.比较：Iliveinthesamehousethatheusedtolivein.I'mwearingthesameshirtasyouworeyesterday.比较：Hereissobigastoneasnoonecanlift.（定语从句）Hereissobigastonethatnoonecanliftit.（结果状语从句）②如为非限制性的，多单独引导一个定语从句，这种定语从句可置于句首，句中或句尾，译为正如，这一点。（动词常为know,see,expect,pointout,etc.）Asweallknow,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth.(as作宾语)=Asisknowntoall,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth.（as作主语）=It'sknowntoallthatsmokingisharmfultoone'shealth.=Smokingisharmfultoone'shealth,asweallknow.（as作宾语）=Smoking,asweallknow,isharmfultoone'health.Hewasaforeigner,asIknewfromhisaccent.(宾语,先行词是前面整个句子)Ⅲ.关系副词引导的定语从句:●When指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。其先行词是表时间的名词（如：time,day,week,tear,month,etc.）HecamelastnightwhenIwasout.Wewillputoffthepicnicuntilnextweek,whentheweatherwouldbebetter.注意：先行词为时间名词，可用when引导定语从句，when在定语从句中作状语；还可以用which或that引导，which或that在从句中作主语或宾语。比较:1.Istillrememberthedaywhen/onwhichmybrotherjoinedthearmy.（作状语）2.Istillrememberthedayswhich/thatwespenttogether.（作宾语）3.IshallneverforgetthedaywhenShenZhouⅤwaslaunched,whichhasagreateffectonmylife.●Where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。其先行词是表示地点的名词，如：place,school,factory,room,etc.ThisistheplacewhereIwasborn.Iliveintheroomwhere/inwhichheusedtolive.33注意：先行词是地点名词，定语从句可用where引导，还可用which或that引导，which/that在从句中作主语或宾语。比较:※1.Thisisthefactorywhere/inwhichheworkedlastyear.（作状语）2.Ithinkyouhavegottothepointwhereachangeisneeded,oryouwouldfail.3.He'sgothimselfintoadangeroussituationwherehe'slikelytolosecontroloftheplane.4.Thisistheparkwhich/thattheyvisitedlastyear.（作宾语）●Why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。先行词为reason时，可用forwhich指代；当关系词在从句中作主语或宾语时，则用which或that引导。如：1.Thereasonwhy/forwhich/(that)hedidn'tattendthemeetingwasthathewasill.2.Idon'tbelievethereason(that/which)hegaveme.（作宾语）3.Haveyouaskedhimthereasonthatmayexplainhissuccess?（作主语）当先行词为way时，theway在从句中作状语时，定语从句常用that,inwhich,或how引导，that常可以省略。theway在从句中作主语或宾语时，则用which或that引导。如:Thisistheway(that)/inwhichIdosuchthings.比较:Pleasedotheexperimentintheway（that/which）Ihaveshownyou.Ⅳ.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别：1.形式上，非限制性定语从句往往用逗号隔开。2.语法上，非限制性定语从句一般不用that.3.语义上，限制性定语从句与先行词关系紧密，起限定作用，如果去掉了这个定语从句，整个句子就不完整或者会改变意思；而非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不是很紧密，对先行词起补充说明或描述的作用。ThisisthebookIlikebest.这就是我最喜欢的那本书。Beijing,whichhasbeenChina'scapitalformorethan800years,isrichinculturalandhistoricrelics.北京是中国八百年之久的古都，它有着丰富的文化和历史遗产。4.翻译时，限制性定语从句可译为一句（较短的一般译为的字结构）；而非限制性定语从句可译为两句。（见上句翻译）比较:Hehasasister,whoisamusician.Hehasasisterwhoisamusician.引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词，指人时用who,whom,whose,指物时用which,whose;关系副词when，where,why,etc.1.Hestudiedhardatschoolwhenhewasyoung,whichleadstohissuccessinhislaterlife.2.Tom'sfather,whoarrivedjustnow,isafamousscientist.Ⅴ.几个易混淆的关系代词的比较:●that&which:在定语从句中，which和that在指代事物时，一般可以互换使用，但并非在任何情况下都是这样，这里介绍宜用that,而不宜用which的情况.①先行词为不定代词,all,much,something,everything,anything,nothing,none,theone等,1.Weshoulddoallthatisusefultothepeople.2.There'snothingthatcanbesaidaboutit.3.Doyoumeantheonethatwasboughtyesterday?44②先行词被only,any,few,little,no,