FunctionalEquivalenceTheory讲解

FunctionalEquivalenceTheoryEugeneNidaAnAmericanlinguist,translationtheoristOutline1.WhatisFunctionalEquivalenceTheory?2.DifferentVoicesontheTheoryDiachronicSynchronic3.FunctionalEquivalenceTheoryV.S.LiteralTranslationEugeneNida(1914-2011)November11,1914,borninOklahomaCity,Oklahoma(美国俄克拉玛何马市)1936,graduatedfromtheUniversityofCalifornia1934,receivedhisPh.D.inLinguisticsfromtheUniversityofMichigan1980,retiredbutNidacontinuedtogivelecturesinuniversitiesallaroundtheworldAugust25,2011,NidadiedinMadrid,aged96MajorWorksBibleTranslating(《圣经》翻译)TowardaScienceofTranslating(《翻译的科学探索》)TheTheoryandPracticeofTranslation(《翻译理论与实践》)ContextsinTranslating(《翻译中的语境》)ReligionAcrossCultures(《跨文化宗教》)TranslationTheoryNidafocusesonthetranslationofBibleallhislife,andinjectstheprinciplesbasedonBibletranslationintohismajoracademicactivities.FunctionalEquivalenceisthecoreofhistranslationtheory.AccordingtoNida,translatingconsistsinreproducinginthereceptorlanguagetheclosestnaturalequivalentofthesourcelanguagemessage,firstintermsofmeaningandsecondlyintermsofstyle.ConceptionsofFunctionalEquivalenceFirstputforwardin1964.Emphasis:thefunctionalequivalenceofinformationinsteadofthedirectformalequivalenceintranslationTherelationshipbetweenthetargetlanguagereceptorandthetargettextshouldgenerallybeequivalenttothatbetweenthesourcelanguagereceptorandthesourcetextFourAspectsofFunctionalEquivalence1.LexicalEquivalence(字词对等、多词同义、一词多义、词义交织和无对等词语)Themeaningofawordliesinitsusageinlanguage.Intranslationpractice,whatconfusesusishowtofindthecorrespondingmeaningintargetlanguage.Examples:Takeabackseat甘拜下风Remainonpinsandneedles提心吊胆Bethroughhellandhighwater千辛万苦Tocastpearlsbeforetheswine对牛弹琴Loveme,lovemydog爱屋及乌Toleadadog’slife过着牛马不如的生活Example:“IfIslappedsomeonehe’dseethewaytoKrakow.”---IssacBashevisSinger:GimpletheFool[a]要是我给谁一巴掌，准会把他扇到克拉科去[b]要是我掴谁一巴掌，他就会给打到西天去FourAspectsofFunctionalEquivalence2.SentenceEquivalence（句法对等）Morecomplicatedthanlexicalequivalence,itdealswithsentencestructureandgrammar,suchasnumber,gender,tense.Nouns:number,andcaseVerbs:tense,aspect,voiceExample:1.Theiraccentcouldn’tfoolanativespeaker.[a]他们的口音不能愚弄本地的说话人。[b]本地人一听他们的口音便知道他们是外乡人。2.打得赢就打，打不赢就走Fightwhenyoucanwin:moveawaywhenyoucan’twin.3.她去，我就去。Ifshegoes,Iwillgotoo.或WhenshegoesIwillgotoo.FourAspectsofFunctionalEquivalence3.PassageEquivalence（篇章对等）Toachievepassageequivalence,languageisnottheuniqueelementtobeconsidered,howthelanguagerepresentsmeaningandperformsitsfunctioninaspecificcontextmattermost.Threeparts:1.PassageContext上下文语境2.SceneContext情景语境3.CultureContext文化语境FourAspectsofFunctionalEquivalence4.StylisticEquivalence（文体对等）Differentstylisticworkshavedifferentlanguagefeatures.Achievingstylisticequivalenceneedsgoodmasteryofbothsourcelanguageandtargetlanguage.Differentlanguagestylesrepresentdifferentcultureelements.Example:善欲人见，不是真善；恶恐人知，便是大恶。[a]Tobragofthegoodyouhavedonewillneverimpressanyone.Personalscandalsyoutryhardtohidewillsoonbeknownfarandwide.[b]Agooddeedisnogooddeedifitisdoneforshow.Anevildeedisalltheworseifitiscoveredup.Example:床前明月光，疑是地上霜。举头望明月，低头思故乡。Afrontthebedthelunabeamsbright,wearingalookofseeminglyrimewhite.EyesupcasttowardtheLuna,eyesdowncastengendersmynostalgia.无边落木萧萧下，不尽长江滚滚来。Theboundlessforestsheditsleavesshowersbyshower;theendlessriverrollsitswaveshourafterhourThreeBasicFactors1.Thenatureofthemessage:Insomemessages,thecontentshouldbeofprimaryconsideration,andinotherstheformmustbegivenahigherpriority.2.Thetypeoftheaudience:Prospectiveaudiencesaredifferentbothindecodingabilityandinpotentialinterest.Nidathensetsforththedifferencesintranslation,ashewouldaccountforit,withinthreebasicfactors:ThreeBasicFactors3.Thepurposeoftheauthorandofthetranslator:Togiveinformationonbothformandcontent;toaimatfullintelligibilityofthereadersohe/shemayunderstandthefullimplicationsofthemessage;forimperativepurposesthataimatnotjustunderstandingthetranslationbutalsoatensuringnomisunderstandingofthetranslation.Example:1.OneafternoonIwenttoschoolbybus.2.OneafternoonIwasgoingtoschoolbybus.3.OneafternoonIwasridingonabusonmywaytoschool.4.Oneafternoon,onmywaytoschool,Igotonabus.一天下午，我乘公共汽车去上学。车上人不多，有一位妇女从座位上站起来去买票。这时，她旁边的一位小伙子以为她要下车，就坐在了那个空座位上。那位妇女买完票，发现位置被人占了，满脸不高兴地说：“真是，不会下蛋，倒挺会占窝！”小伙子听了这话，忙让出座位，对她说：“真对不起，耽误您下蛋了”SimilarIdeaBeforetheTheoryTyler:(Agoodtranslationis)onewhichthemeritoftheoriginalworkissocompletelytransfusedintoanotherlanguageastobedistinctlyapprehended,andasstronglyfelt,byanativeofthecountrytowhichthatlanguagebelongsasitisbythosewhospeakthelanguageoftheoriginalwork.好的翻译是把原作的优点完全移植在译作语言中，使译语使用者像原语使用者一样，对这种优点能清楚地领悟，并有着同样强烈的感受。——《优秀的翻译》1790SimilarIdeaBeforetheTheory1896德国翻译理论家卡尔《翻译艺术》一书中称之为“效果相等”。英国翻译理论家E.V.Rieu则把这一要求正式命名为“同等效果原则”。1894马建忠在“善译”思想中，等效理论就初现端倪。他说“能使阅者所得之益，与关原文无异。”1954茅盾文学翻译应该用另一种语言，把原作的艺术意境传达出来，使读者在读译文的时候能够像读原作一样得到启发、感动和美的感受。1969美国翻译理论家奈达《翻译的理论与实践》一书中才正式提到动态对等：“动态对等也就是译文读者对译入语的反应程度大体上与原语读者一样。”DifferentVoicesontheTheory1.等效翻译根本不可能达到，因此只能是一个理想。对功能对等理论最常见的批评，是“等效翻译根本就达不到”这个观点，这其实是文化对等能否实现以及在何种程度上实现的问题。2.功能对等理论是对印欧语系内部的翻译实