英汉语言对比

刘亚敏太原理工大学外国语学院OUTLINEⅠIntroductionⅡSyntheticVS.AnalyticⅢHypotaxisVS.ParataxisⅣSubject-prominentVS.Topic-prominentⅤPersonalVS.ImpersonalⅥStaticVS.DynamicⅦAbstractVS.ConcreteⅧDirectVS.IndirectⅨSubstituteVS.RepetitionINTRODUCTION1.1LanguageFamilies(语系)1.2ImportanceofComparison1.3TeachingContent1.1LANGUAGEFAMILIESEnglishChineseIndo-EuropeanSino-Tibetanalphabeticideographicaccent/stresstoneintonationintonation1.1LANGUAGEFAMILIESEnglishbelongstotheGermanicbranchoftheIndo-Europeanlanguagefamily(印欧语系).ChinesebelongstotheSino-Tibetanlanguagefamily(汉藏语系).ENGLISHItiswellknowthatEnglishhastherichestvocabularyofanyEuropeanlanguage.OnthebasisofAngles’language(Anglo-Saxon),English,ahybrid,wasbuiltbyabsorbingwordsinvariouslanguages.ENGLISHe.g.Latin:pen,pencil,cup,butter,silkFrench:pork,feast,sir,nobleItalian:piano,solo,studio,opera,umbrellaSpanish:cargo,cigarette,cigarGreek:paper,alphabet,dialogue,comedyChinese:tea,chowmein,kowtow,tofuENGLISHAlphabeticLanguage:acorrespondingrelationshipbetweenitspronunciationandspelling.wordstress(accent)&sentencestressintonation:rising/fallingENGLISHe.g.language['læŋgwɪdʒ]important[ɪm'pɔːt(ə)nt]university[juːnɪ'vɜːsɪtɪ]ENGLISHOneFrog,TwoFrogsbyLucyParisOnelittlefroglikestojump.Lookatherhop!Twolittlefrogsliketosit.Theysitonarock.Onelittlefroglikestolook.Whatdoesshesee?Twolittlefrogsliketoplay.Willtheyplaywithme?CHINESEPictographicandideographicLanguage:acorrespondingrelationshipbetweenitsmeaningandspelling.fourtones:leveltone(阴平)、risingtone(阳平)、fallingtone(上声)、enteringtone(去声)CHINESECHINESECHINESEe.g.我叫他去。------I’llaskhimtogo.------I’llgoandcallhim.我想起来了。------Iwanttogetup.------Ihavethoughtitout.COMPARISON只有比较才能看出各种语文表现法的共同之点和特异之点。拿外语跟汉语进行比较，可以启发我们注意被我们忽略过去的现象。——吕叔湘Alllanguagesintheworldcanexpressanddifferentiatetheperceivedexperience.Thesimilarityliesinwhattheymustexpress.（Jakobson1959）语言之间“音虽似别，义则大同”。COMPARISONEverylanguageintheworldhasitsownsyntax.Otherwise,peoplewillnotbeabletopracticetranslationandresearchtranslationtheory.Andthroughanalyzingandcomparingbetweentwolanguages,thetranslatorsandinterpreterswilldeeplyrealizethehardshipoftranslation.TEACHINGCONTENTSyntheticVS.Analytic综合语VS.分析语HypotacticVS.Paratactic形合VS.意合Subject-prominentVS.Topic-prominent主语VS.主题PersonalVS.Impersonal物称与人称StaticVS.Dynamic静态VS.动态AbstractVS.Concrete抽象VS.具体DirectVS.Indirect直接VS.间接SubstituteVS.Repetition替代VS.重复summarySYNTHETICVSANALYTICAsyntheticlanguageischaracterizedbyfrequentandsystematicuseofinflectedformstoexpressgrammaticalrelationships.Ananalyticlanguageischaracterizedbyarelativelyfrequentuseoffunctionwords,auxiliaryverbs,andchangesinwordordertoexpresssyntacticrelations,ratherthanofinflectedform.SYNTHETICVSANALYTICHowtoexpressgrammaticalrelationships?------inflectedformsofwords------functionwords,auxiliaryverbs,andchangesinwordorderSYNTHETICVSANALYTICinflectedforms（屈折形式）：morphologychangee.g.Motherland；blackboard；handwriting；easy-going；home-made；do-it-yourselfable------unable；take------mistakehope------hopeless------hopelessnessdo-------did------havedone------doingSYNTHETICVSANALYTICfunctionwords（虚词）:formwordsE.g.HeearnedaneducationdegreeattheUniversityofWashingtonandtaughtelementaryschool.SYNTHETICVSANALYTICauxiliaryverbs（助动词）:helpingverbse.g.have,be,may,can,must,do,shall,willSYNTHETICVSANALYTICLanguagemorphology语言形态学English------typicalsyntheticlanguagesynthetic-analyticlanguageChinese-------typicalanalyticlanguageSYNTHETICVSANALYTICEnglish/ChineseInflectionFunctionWordsWordOrderA.INFLECTIONInEnglish,nouns,pronouns,andverbsareinflected,inordertoexpressthedifferenceinpartsofspeech,gender,number,case,person,tense,aspect,voice,mood,etc.InChinesetheabovegrammaticalmeaningsaremostlyimpliedincontextsorbetweenthelines,thoughoftenwiththehelpofwordorder.A.INFLECTIONNouns:“-s”:thepluralmarker“-’s”:thegenitivecaseVerbs:“-s”:thethirdpersonsingularpresenttense,“-ing”:thepresentparticiple,“-(e)d”:thepasttenseandpastparticiple;Adjectives:“-er”:thecomparativedegree“-est”:thesuperlativedegreeA.INFLECTIONPrefixes:a-/an-:asymmetry,anhydrousdis-:dishonest,dislikein-/ig-/il/im/ir:incapable;inability;ignoble;impossible;immoral;illegal;irregularun-:unable,unemploymentover-:overeat;overdress;oversleephyper-:hypersonic;hypertesionA.INFLECTIONSuffixes:-ess:actress;hostess-bility:possibility,disability-able:movable;comfortable;responsible;possible-ish:selfish,foolish;bookish-ful:beautiful;wonderful;helpful;truthfulA.INFLECTIONTaskinclass:他前进的速度快得令人诧异！moverapidastonishA.INFLECTIONHemovedastonishinglyrapidly.Hemovedwithastonishingrapidity.Heastonishedusbymovingrapidly.Heastonishedusbyhisrapidmovements.Heastonishedusbytherapidityofhismovements.A.INFLECTIONHismovementswereastonishinglyrapid.Hisrapidmovementsastonishedus.Hismovementsastonishedusbytheirrapidity.Therapidityofhismovementswasastonishing.Therapiditywithwhichhemovedastonishedus.A.INFLECTIONHemovedastonishinglyrapidly.Hemovedwithastonishingrapidity.Hea