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饱和蒸汽压饱和蒸汽压:蒸汽压指的是在液体(或者固体)的表面存在着该物质的蒸汽,这些蒸汽对液体表面产生的压强就是该液体的蒸汽压。比如,水的表面就有水蒸汽压,当水的蒸汽压达到水面上的气体总压的时候,水就沸腾。我们通常看到水烧开,就是在100摄氏度时水的蒸汽压等于一个大气压。蒸汽压随温度变化而变化,温度越高,蒸汽压越大。当然还和液体种类有关在一定的温度下,与同种物质的液态(或固态)处于平衡状态的蒸汽所产生的压强叫饱和蒸汽压,它随温度升高而增加。如:放在杯子里的水,会因不断蒸发变得愈来愈少。如果把纯水放在一个密闭的容器里,并抽走上方的空气。当水不断蒸发时,水面上方汽相的压力,即水的蒸汽所具有的压力就不断增加。但是,当温度一定时,汽相压力最终将稳定在一个固定的数值上,这时的汽相压力称为水在该温度下的饱和蒸汽压力。当汽相压力的数值达到饱和蒸汽压力的数值时,液相的水分子仍然不断地气化,汽相的水分子也不断地冷凝成液体,只是由于水的气化速度等于水蒸汽的冷凝速度,液体量才没有减少,气体量也没有增加,液体和气体达到平衡状态。所以,液态纯物质蒸汽所具有的压力为其饱和蒸汽压力时,汽液两相即达到了相平衡。饱和蒸汽压是物质的一个重要性质,它的大小取决于物质的本性和温度。饱和蒸汽压越大,表示该物质越容易挥发。饱和水气压:定量空气中所能容纳的水气有一定的限度,当空气中的水气量达到此一限度,我们就说此空气已经达到饱和,而空气所能容纳的最大水气量就称为饱和水气量。通常我们会以水气压来代表水气含量的多寡。空气的饱和水气压会随著气温而改变;一般来说,气温愈高时,空气的饱和水气压愈大,反之,空气温度愈低则愈容易达到饱和。空气中水气所产生的压力,称为水气压,有时也把水气压叫做绝对湿度。水气压取决于空气中的水气含量,当空气中水气含量增多时,水气压就相应增大。水气压的单位用百帕(hPa)表示。空气中水气含量与温度有密切关系,当温度一定时,单位体积空气中所能容纳的水气量是有一定限度的,水气含量达到了这个限度,空气便呈饱和状态,这时的空气称饱和空气。饱和空气中的水气压称为饱和水气压(E),也叫最大水气压。在温度条件发生改变时,饱和水气压也随之改变。在封闭体系中,液体很快和它的蒸汽达到平衡。这时的蒸汽的压力称为液体的饱和蒸汽压。一般是饱和蒸气压,与条件有关:我们常在有关书籍和报刊中看到:蒸汽、汽轮机、汽化……这些词中的“汽”有水旁;而气球、氧气、空气这些词中的“气”没有水旁。这是为什么,要说明这个问题,还须从物质的临界温度谈起。要使物质由气态变为液态可以用加大压强和降低温度的方法。但这种方法能否使所有的气体液化呢,早在19世纪中叶,包括法拉第在内的许多科学家在这方面做了大量的研究工作,二氧化碳、氯化氢等气体相继在他们的实验室里变成液体。但是氧气、氮气、氢气等一直不能被液化。于是,人们不得不把这些“顽固派”称为“永久气体”。1869年,科学家发现了一个有趣而且有很高科学价值的现象:要想加压使二氧化碳液化,必须使它的温度等于或低于31.1℃;高于31.1℃时,压强无论怎样加大,也不能使它液化。实验表明,氯化氢、氨气等气体也有自己的“特殊温度”,只不过氯化氢是51.5℃,氨气是132℃罢了。这时,科学家明白了所谓“永久气体”氧气、氮气等也有自己的“特殊温度”,只有将它们的温度降低到这个“特殊温度”,加大压强时才能使它们液化。但是这些气体的“特殊温度”很低,当时还达不到这样低的温度,所以无法使它们液化。随着低温技术的不断提高,“顽固派”也一个个被液化了。1908年,氦气最后也被化了。每种物质的“特殊温度”叫做这种物质的临界温度。通常把在临界温度以上的气态物质写作“气”,对“气”压缩时,它不可能被液化;而把临界温度以下的气态物质写作“汽”,对“汽”加压有可能被液化。同一物质的“气”和“汽”在分子组成上没有什么不同,因此气和汽并没有严格的区别。出于习惯,人们常把室温下处于液态的物质如水、酒精、汽油等的汽化物写作“汽”。饱和水蒸气压力表1.按温度排列温度t/℃绝对压强p/kPa水蒸汽的密度ρ/kg·m-3焓H/kJ·kg-1汽化热r/kJ·kg-1液体水蒸汽00.60820.0048402491.12491.150.87300.0068020.942500.82479.86101.22620.0094041.872510.42468.53151.70680.0128362.802520.52457.7202.33460.0171983.742530.12446.3253.16840.02304104.672539.72435.0304.24740.03036125.602549.32423.7355.62070.03960146.542559.02412.1407.37660.05114167.472568.62401.1459.58370.06543188.412577.82389.45012.3400.0830209.342587.42378.15515.7430.1043230.272596.72366.46019.9230.1301251.212606.32355.16525.0140.1611272.142615.52343.17031.1640.1979293.082624.32331.27538.5510.2416314.012633.52319.58047.3790.2929334.942642.32307.88557.8750.3531355.882651.12295.29070.1360.4229376.812659.92283.19584.5560.5039397.752668.72270.5100101.330.5970418.682677.02258.4105120.850.7036440.032685.02245.4110143.310.8254460.972693.42232.0115169.110.9635482.322701.32219.0120198.641.1199503.672708.92205.2125232.191.296525.022716.42191.8130270.251.494546.382723.92177.6135313.111.715567.732731.02163.3140361.471.962589.082737.72148.7145415.722.238610.852744.42134.0150476.242.543632.212750.72118.5160618.283.252675.752762.92037.1170792.594.113719.292773.32054.01801003.55.145763.252782.52019.31901255.66.378807.642790.11982.42001554.777.840852.012795.51943.52101917.729.567897.232799.31902.52202320.8811.60942.452801.01858.52302798.5913.98988.502800.11811.62403347.9116.761034.562796.81761.82503977.6720.011081.452790.11708.62604693.7523.821128.762780.91651.72705503.9928.271176.912768.31591.42806417.2433.471225.482752.01526.52907443.2939.601274.462732.31457.43008592.9446.931325.542708.01382.53109877.9655.591378.712680.01301.332011300.365.951436.072648.21212.133012879.678.531446.782610.51116.234014615.893.981562.932568.61005.735016538.5113.21636.202516.7880.536018667.1139.61729.152442.6713.037021040.9171.01888.252301.9411.137422070.9322.62098.02098.002.按压强排列绝对压强p/kPa温度t/℃水蒸汽的密度ρ/kg·m-3焓H/kJ·kg-1汽化热r/kJ·kg-1液体水蒸气1.06.30.0077326.482503.12476.81.512.50.0113352.262515.32463.02.017.00.0148671.212524.22452.92.520.90.0183687.452531.82444.33.023.50.0217998.382536.82438.13.526.10.02523109.302541.82432.54.028.70.02867120.232546.82426.64.530.80.03205129.002550.92421.95.032.40.03537135.692554.02416.36.035.60.04200149.062560.12411.07.038.80.04864162.442566.32403.88.041.30.05514172.732571.02398.29.043.30.06156181.162574.82393.610.045.30.06798189.592578.52388.915.053.50.09956224.032594.02370.020.060.10.13068251.512606.42354.930.066.50.19093288.772622.42333.740.075.00.24975315.932634.12312.250.081.20.30799339.802644.32304.560.085.60.36514358.212652.12393.970.089.90.42229376.612659.82283.280.093.20.47807390.082665.32275.390.096.40.53384403.492670.82267.4100.099.60.58961416.902676.32259.5120.0104.50.69868437.512684.32246.8140.0109.20.80758457.672692.12234.4160.0113.00.82981473.882698.12224.2180.0116.61.0209489.322703.72214.3200.0120.21.1273493.712709.22204.6250.0127.21.3904534.392719.72185.4300.0133.31.6501560.382728.52168.1350.0138.81.9074583.762736.12152.3400.0143.42.1618603.612742.12138.5450.0147.72.4152622.422747.82125.4500.0151.72.6673639.592752.82113.2600.0158.73.1686676.222761.42091.1700.0164.03.6657696.272767.82071.5800.0170.44.1614720.962773.72052.7900.0175.14.6525741.822778.12036.21×103179.95.1432762.682782.52019.71.1×103180.25.6333780.342785.52005.11.2×103187.86.1241797.922788.51990.61.3×103191.56.6141814.252790.91976.71.4×103194.87.1034829.06
本文标题:饱和水蒸汽压
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