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东北大学1采矿工程专业英语专业:矿业工程姓名:常晓贇学号:1370845Page1:Evidenceofearlycopperminingexistsinmanypartsoftheworld.Forexample,arecentarcheometallurgicalexpeditionhasuncoveredaprehistoricminingcomplexatPhuLon(“BaldMountain”)ontheMekongRiverinThailand,thatmaybedatedasearlyas2000BC.Workersatthiscomplexusedmassiverivercobblemaulstobreakthefriableskarnmatrixthatheldsquatzveinsrichinmalachite(Pigott,1988).Theworld'soldestknowncoppersmeltingfurnace,datingto3500BC,hasbeenfoundnearthemodernTimnacoppermineinIsrael(Raymond,1986).在世界上许多地方都有早期铜开采存在的证据。例如,最近一个冶金考古探险队发现了一个史前采矿综合体在在泰国湄公河的PhuLon(“秃山”)上,这可能要追溯到公元前2000年。工人们用大量鹅卵石撞击易碎的富含孔雀石的矽卡岩脉石(Pigott,1988)。世界上已知的最古老的铜矿石冶炼炉可以追溯到公元前3500年,它被发现是在以色列的现在亭纳铜矿(Raymond,1986)。ThelinkbetweennativecopperandmalachitemightwellhavebeensuggestedtoNeolithicmanbythecommonassociationofthesetwoformsofthemetalinoutcrops.Buttheprocessbywhichhethenlearnedhowtoextractcopperfromthemalachiteremainsanhistoricmystery.Onesuggestedansweristhatbothmetalsmeltingandpotterymakingappearedtohaveevolvedaboutthesametime.Thepotter,thefirsttechnicianinthemanagementofheat,hadunderhiscontrolallthematerialsandconditionsnecessaryforsmeltingcopper(Raymond,1986).自然铜矿和孔雀石之间的联系更可能被新石器时代的人建议为这两种金属露头形式之间常见的关联。但是他们如何学会从孔雀石中提取铜的过程仍然是一个历史之谜。一个可能的答案是金属冶炼和陶器制作都是在同一时期出现的。陶器制作,第一个在高温下来操作的技术,它对于控制所有材料和条件成为冶炼铜的必要条件(Raymond,1986)。东北大学2Page5:Room-and-PillarMining:Inthemethodknownasroom-and-pillarmining,theorebodyisexcavatedascompletelyaspossible,leavingpartsoftheoreaspillarstosupportthehangingwall.Thedimensionsofthestopesandpillarsdependuponfactorssuchasthestabilityofthehangingwall,thestabilityoftheore,thethicknessofthedeposit,andtherockpressure.Generally,theobjectiveistoextracttheoreascompletelyaspossiblewithoutjeopardizingworkingconditionsorpersonnelsafety.Typically,thepillarsarearrangedinaregularpattern,andtheycanbecircular,square,orshapedaslongitudinalwallsthatseparatethestopes.房柱采矿法:作为房柱采矿法,矿体要尽可能地被完全挖掘,留下一部分矿石作为支柱来支撑顶板。采场和支柱的尺寸取决于顶板的稳定性、矿石的稳定性、矿体的厚度和岩石压力等因素。一般来说,目标是在没有危害的的工作条件和人员安全的条件下尽可能完全地开采矿石。通常情况下,支柱以规则形状排列,它们可以是圆形,方形,或者与采场分离的纵向壁排列形状。Althoughsomeoftheoreleftinthepillarscanbeextractedby“robbing”asafinaloperationinthemine,theoreinthepillarsusuallyisregardedasnonrecoverable.虽然留在支柱中的一些矿石可以在最后的开采中被作为“揩油”开采出来,但是支柱中的矿石通常被视为不可回收的。东北大学3Page6:Theslopeofthepitwallisoneofthemajorelementsaffectingthesizeandshapeofthepit.Thepitslopehelpdeterminetheamountofwastethatmustbemovedtominetheore.Thepitslopeisusuallyexpressedindegreesfromthehorizontalplane.露天矿边坡的坡度是影响露天矿大小和形状的主要因素之一。露天矿边坡帮助确定开采矿石中必须移除走的废石量。露天矿边坡角通常是表示为边坡和水平面的夹角。Apitwallneedstoremainstableaslongasminingactivityisinthatarea.Thestabilityofthepitwallsshouldbeanalyzedascarefullyaspossible.Rockstrength,faults,joints,presenceofwater,andothergeologicinformationarekeyfactorsintheevaluationoftheproperslopeangle.Theslopemaybestatedasasimple,overallaverageforthepit(e.g,45°),butamoredetailedstudymayshowthatthephysicalcharacteristicsofthedepositcausethepitslopetochangewithrocktype,sectorlocation,elevation,ororientationwithinrockthepit.Fig.2illustrateshowthepitslopesmayvaryinthedeposit.只要在采矿活动区内露天矿边坡必须保持稳定。露天矿边坡稳定性必须要尽可能仔细地分析。岩石强度,断层,节理,含水状态和其他地质信息是评价合适边坡角的关键因素。露天边坡角可以是一个简单的,整体平均值(比如,45°),但是一个更加详细的研究表明矿石的物理特性引起露天矿边坡角随着岩石的种类、扇形位置,海拔或岩石倾向改变。图2演示了露天边坡角如何随着矿体改变。Aproperslopeevaluationwillgivetheslopesthatallowthepitwallstoremainstable.Thepitwallsshouldbesetassteepaspossibletominimizethestripratio.Thepitslopeanalysisdeterminestheangletobeusedbetweentheroadsinthepit.Theoverallpitslopeusedfordesignmustbeflattertoallowfortheroadsystemintheultimatepit.一个合适的边坡角评估将使露天矿边坡保持稳定。露天矿边坡应该设计地尽可能陡以减小剥采比。露天矿边坡分析决定露天矿道路的角度。整体露天矿边坡角的设计必须符合允许最终境界的道路系统。东北大学4Page10:Inpracticeneitherthegradesnortheeconomicvariableareknown.Twobroadapproacheshavebeenproposedforusinggeostitisticalsimulationstotakeaccountoftheuncertaintyontheresources.Dowd(1994),RossiandvanBrunt(1997)andThwaite(1998)generatedseveralconditionalsimulationsoftheorebodyandoptimizedthepitforeachone.Whenitbecamepossibletogeneratefarmoresimulations,Dimitrakopoulos,FarellyandGodoy(2002)proposedgeneratingthepitcontourusingthekrigedorebodymodel,thenrunningtheeconomicanalysisforeachsimulation.SeealsoKent,PeattieandChamberlain(2007).Thenextstepwastoincludetheuncertaintyontheeconomicvariablesbystochasticsimulationsofpricesandcosts(Nicolasetal,2007;Armstrong,GalliandNdiaye,2009;AbdelSabourandDimitrakopoulos,2009).在实际中品位和经济变量都不是已知的。两种运用地质统计学模拟来考虑资源不确定性的方法被提出。Dowd(1994),Rossi和vanBrunt(1997)以及Thwaite(1998)提出了几种矿体的条件模拟并且对每一个进行优化。当产生更多的模拟成为可能的时候,Dimitrakopoulos,Farelly和Godoy(2002)提出产生的坑轮廓采用克里格矿体模型,然后给每个模拟进行经济分析。Kent,Peattie和Chamberlain(2007)也有同样的看法。下一步是对价格和成本的随机模拟包括经济变量的不确定性(Nicolas等,2007;Armstrong,Galli和Ndiaye,2009;AbdelSabour和Dimitrakopoulos,2009)。东北大学5Page16:Thelong-termobjectiveistousemulti-stageprogrammingwithrecourseinordertoevacuateandoptimiseminingprojectssubjecttotechnicalandfinancialuncertainty,thatis,uncertaintyontheresoucesandthecommoditypricesandcosts.Oneoftheunderlyingprinciplesinmulti-stageprogrammingistoseparatestatevariablessuchaspricesandgrades(whichthedecisionmakercannotchang
本文标题:采矿工程专业英语翻译
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