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第3讲词的翻译1.词义的比较2.词的七种意义3.语境与词义的选择4.词类的转换1.英汉词义的对比词汇是最基本的语言材料,词汇越丰富,对世界的认识也就越精细。英语和汉语都有丰富的词汇量。在英汉语言对比研究中,人们发现了大量的对应词语,这是英汉翻译的语言基础。但是由于自然环境、思维方式、社会历史、文化传统的不同,英汉两种语言中存在许多不相对应的词语,这就给翻译增加了难度。A.一一对应关系社会主义市场经济socialistmarketeconomyintellectualpropertyrights知识产权theMiddleEastcrisis中东危机tradingpartners贸易伙伴mainboard主板digitalcamera数码相机stealthfighter隐形战斗机假一一对应关系有时假对应词源于译者未掌握英语的习惯用法,如:sourmilk变质发酸了的牛奶(不是:酸奶yoghurt)eatone’swords承认自己说错话(不是:食言gobackonone’swords)方便面instantnoodles(不是:convenientnoodles)休息室lounge(restroomx)有时假对应词来自不恰当的搭配,如:战火扩大the(flameof)warexpand;the(flameof)warspread强硬政策strongpoliciestoughpolicies;恶性循环Malignantcircleviciouscircle(恶性肿瘤malignanttumor)有一本字典就能做翻译的观点?B.一对多关系一词多义是语言最重要的特征之一,英语如此,汉语亦然。另外,上下文以及搭配都可能使词义产生一对多的对应关系。请看wear在下列句子中的不同翻译:Sheworedarkglassesandathickjersey.她戴着深色的墨镜,穿着一件厚毛衣。Inmyfavoritephotoweareonthestepsofournewhome,wearingredbaseballhatsandtoothysmiles.在我最喜欢的照片里,我们站在新房子的门阶上,大家都戴着红色棒球帽,开心地大笑着。Thegirlwearstheslimnessofhermother.这个女孩像她母亲一样苗条。Iwillwearhisloveinmyheart’scoreforever.我将永远把他的爱深藏心底。“水平”在英语中最直接的对应词是level,但是一些词组的翻译却不能使用level,生活水平—livingstandard,生产水平—productioncapacity,技术水平—technicalskills,艺术水平—artisticattainmentC.零对应一个社会,一种文化中所特有的表示事物、风俗或理念等的词汇在另一种语言里没有真正对应的词汇,这种现象在翻译中是很常见的。humor幽默、romantic浪漫、logic逻辑、engine引擎、motor马达、sofa沙发、e-mail电子邮件(伊妹儿)、Pandora’sbox潘朵拉盒子。像中国的农历节气、天干地支、阴阳八卦、道教、中医、武术等,在译语中都很难找到对等的词语。中国人对“六”、“八”、“九”情有独钟,认为这些数字会使人“顺利、发财、长久”。汉语中许多围绕吃饭问题所建立的词语和表达法,在英语中也很难找到字面对应的表达法。比如,“吃香儿”,“吃得开”,“吃大锅饭”,“吃闲饭”,“吃不消”等等。具体例子:“红卫兵”无论翻译成“redguard”还是“radicalguard”都无法传达该词的意思;“饺子”曾翻译成“dumpling”,但是两种食物其实并不一样,所以采取音译“jiaozi”;“馒头”也从“steamedbuns”变成“mantou”“豆腐”也从“beancurd”变成“toufu”中国的“龙”虽然被翻译成“dragon”,但是两者严格说来是不对应的。例如tosowdragon’steeth这条成语的意思是“播下不和的种子”。两会:Lianghui2.词的七种意义AccordingtoG.Leech概念意义(conceptualmeaning)内涵意义(connotativemeaning):包括文化意义、情感意义、联想意义、搭配意义、风格意义等等。Connotativemeaning:referstotheimpliedmeaningthatisoverandaboveitspureconceptualmeaningEG:ReddogAccordingtoG.LeechConceptualmeaningConnotativemeaningSocialmeaningAffectivemeaningReflectedmeaning(associativemeaning)Collocativemeaningthematicmeaning避免词汇错误的的一个重要方法就是掌握其引申义。引申义。语言中引申义往往是文化、传统的产物。有些词在不同的文化背景中,其褒贬义却有不同。宣传橱窗PropagandaWindowpublicityboardindividualism褒义“个人主义”或“利己主义”贬义的。Aggression中性词“侵略”、“入侵”是带有强烈感情色彩的贬义词例如。中西方的文化传统观念的不同。Affectivemeaningreferstowhatiscommunicatedofthefeelingsandattitudesofthewritertowardsthereader.Therearebasicallythreetypesofaffectivemeanings:positive,neutralandderogatory.PositiveNeutralDerogatoryportlyoverweightobeseslender,slimunderweightskinnysenior,elderoldman/womanfossilComparethemeaningsandimplicationsoftheEnglishandChinesewords:peasantdragon农民龙propagandagoat宣传山羊compromisewestwind妥协西风funny:褒义①afunnystory滑稽的故事②afunnywriter风趣的作家③Heisbeingfunny.他在逗乐。中性①Thereissomethingfunnyaboutthematter.事情有点蹊跷。②afunnyblackhat古怪的黑帽子贬义①You’llbesorryifyoutryanythingfunnyinclass.你要是在课堂上玩什么鬼花样,肯定要后悔的。②Sheisabitfunnysometimes.她有时候有点疯疯癫癫的。③Don’tgetfunnywithyourboss!不得对老板放肆!Somewordsconveythesameideabutdifferinstylisticfeature.Thesewordsareknownasstylisticsynonyms.Translatorshavetochooseamongformalwords,neutralwords,andinformalwordstoensurethatthestyleisappropriatetotheoriginalcontext.Theymustalsodeterminewhethertousestandarddialectsorregionaldialect,archaicwordsorcontemporarywords,generalwordsortechnicalterms,etc.Literarytranslatorsmustalsotryreflecttheidiolectofthesourcelanguagewriter.(Literary)broke,flatbroke,harduppoorpoverty-stricken,penniless,underprivileged,indigent,inwantpooped,dog-tired,worn-out,played-out,allintiredexhausted,weary,fatigued,spentyoung/littlepunk,kid,youngguy,ladboy,youngperson,teenageryouth,striplingStylisticMeaningsHespeaksFrenchbetterthanIdo.(formal)HespeaksFrenchbetterthanme.(informal)Hespeaksinahaltingway.(formal)Hespeakshaltingly.(informal)Hespokeconfidently.(informal)Hespokeinaconfidentway.(formal)Hespokewithconfidence.(formalCollocativemeaningbrokenabrokenman一个绝望的人abrokensoldier一个残废军人abrokenpromise背弃的诺言abrokenspirit消沉的意志brokenmoney零钱brokenEnglish蹩脚的英语heavyheavyrainheavycloudsheavycropsheavywineheavynewsheavyroadheavyseaheavyheartheavyfireheavysmokerheavybreadheavywireheavyloadheavystormheavytrafficheavyreaderheavyheavyrain大雨heavyclouds厚云heavycrops丰收heavywine烈性酒heavynews令人悲痛的消息heavyroad泥泞的路heavysea波涛汹涌的海洋heavyheart忧伤的心heavyfire猛烈的炮火heavysmoker烟瘾很大的人heavybread没有发好的面包heavywire粗线heavyload重载heavystorm暴风雨heavytraffic拥挤的交通heavyreader沉闷冗长的读物身体好,学习好,工作好。Keepfit,studyhardandworkhard.大城市abigcity大雨aheavyrain大志ahighaim大人物animportantperson区分感情色彩、语体色彩等死:toexpiretopassawaytoclose(end)one'sdaytobreatheone'slasttogowesttopaythedebtofnature
本文标题:词的翻译(一).
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