《英语语言学》答案完整版

1《英语语言学概论》答案完整版考核方法：闭卷考试时间：100分钟题型：I.单项选择(15×1’=15’)II．判断(15×1’=15’)III．填空(10×1’=10’)IV．术语解释(5×2’=10’)V．简答题(4×5’=20’)VI.分析题（30’）重点掌握的术语：1.Linguistics语言学Thestudyofthenature,structure,andvariationoflanguage,includingphonetics,phonology,morphology,syntax,semanticsandpragmatics.2.designfeatures设计特点Theyareaseriesoffeatureswhichareuniquelyapartofhumanlanguageandunlikelytobefoundinthecommunicationsystemofothercreatures.Theyaredisplacement,productivity,culturaltransmission,arbitrariness,discretenessandduality.3.Displacement移位Languagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhichareinthepast,presentorfuture,realorimagined,orinfar-awayplaces.4.Duality二元性Itisgenerallythecasethatlanguageisorganizedattwolevelsorlayerswhichisknownasthephysicallevelandmeaningfullevelsimultaneously.5.Arbitrariness任意性Itisgenerallythecasethatthereisno‘natural’connectionbetweenalinguisticformanditsmeaning.6.Mannerofarticulation发音方法Itisthecasethatwedescribetheconsonantsoundsintermsofhowtheyarearticulated.7.Placeofarticulation发音部位Itfocusesondescribingconsonantsoundsintermsofwheretheyarearticulated.8.articulatoryphonetics发音语言学Thegeneralstudyofthecharacteristicsofspeechsoundsiscalledphonetics.Andthestudyofhowspeechsoundsaremade,or‘articulated’isarticulatoryphonetics.9.Phonology音系学Thedescriptionofthesystemsandpatternsofthespeechsoundsinalanguage.10.Assimilation同化Itistheprocesswhentwophonemesoccurinsequenceandsomeaspectofonephonemeistakenor‘copied’bytheother.Forexample,theword‘can’inthesentence‘Icango.’maypronounceas[kæŋ]insteadof[kæn]becauseoftheinfluenceofthefollowingsound[g].11.Back-formation逆构法，逆序构词Awordofonetypeisreducedtoformanotherwordofdifferenttype.Forexample,theword‘donation’firstcameintouseandthentheverb‘donate’wascreatedfromit.212.Morpheme词素Itisaminimalunitofmeaningorgrammaticalfunction.Forexample,thewordtouristscontainsthreemorphemestour,-ist,and-s.13.ImmediateConstituent直接成份Itisanapproachtodescribetheregularstructuresofthelanguage.Itisdesignedtoshowconstituentsimmediately,directly,belowthelevelofaconstruction.14.Syntax句法；语法Thestudyofstructureandorderingofcomponentswithinasentence.15.semantics语义学Thestudyofthemeaningoflinguisticunits,wordsandsentenceinparticular.16.Hyponymy下义关系，上下位关系Whenthemeaningofoneformisincludedinthemeaningofanother,therelationshipisdescribedashyponymy.17.Homonymy同音异义Itisusedwhenonewordiswrittenandspokenarethesamewhilepossessingdifferentmeanings.Forexample,thebankcanbereferredtoariverandfinancialinstitutionaswell.18.synonymy同义Itreferstothecasethattwoormoreformshaveverycloselyrelatedmeanings,whichareoften,butnotalways,intersubstitutableinsentence,suchasbroadandwide.19.Pragmatics语用学Thestudyofwhatthewriterorspeakerofthosewordsintendedtoconvey.20.Synchronic共时性，历时性Itisthecasethatweconcentrateonvariationinlanguageintermsofdifferenceswithinonelanguageindifferentplacesandamongdifferentgroupsatthesametime.第一章语言的起源概念辨析The“bow-wow”theoryThe“yo-heave-ho”theory思考“bow-wow”理论和“哟哦呵”理论的差异何在？Theformertheorymeansthatprimitivewordscouldhavebeenimitationsofthenaturalsoundswhichearlymenandwomenheardaroundthemwhile‘yo-he-ho’theorymeansasetofgrunts,groansandcursesinvolvedinphysicaleffort自然声音模仿假说有什么不足之处？Ontheonehand,itdoesnotanswerourquestionregardingtheoriginsofthesoundsproducedbecauseprimateshavegruntsandsocialcalls,buttheydonothavedevelopedthecapacityforspeech.Ontheotherhand,soundlessandabstractthingshavenotbeenexplainedsincealanguagecannotbeonlyasetofwordsusedas‘names’forentities.第三章语言的属性概念辨析languageDesignfeaturesoflanguageDisplacementArbitrariness3Duality应用能够根据所观察到的语言现象来解释语言的定义性特征。能够根据语言的定义性特征来区别人类语言和动物交流系统思考人类语言有哪些功能？First,ithasthefunctionofculturaltransmission.Peoplepassknowledge,skillsfromonegenerationtothenextonlythroughorallanguageespeciallyintheolddays,Second,ithasthefunctionofcommunication.Humanusetheirlanguagetocommunicatewitheachother,sociallyoremotionally,toindicatetheirfriendliness,cooperationorannoyanceandpleasure.Third,itplaysanimportantroleinthinking.Languageistheinstrumentofthoughtandpeopleoftenfeelitnecessarytospeaktheirthoughtsaloud.动物交流系统里存在“说谎”吗？Itabsolutelyexistsinanimalcommunicationsystem.Forexample,someanimalswillpretendtodietoavoidbeingeaten.Therefore,itiscommonphenomenoninanimalforsurviveorfoods.第五章语音学概念辨析Articulatory/acoustic/auditoryphoneticsmannersofarticulationvs.placesofarticulationConsonantsvs.VowelsWhethertheyareproducedwithobstructionoftheairstreaminthemouth.phoneticsvs.PhonologyProductionandcharacteristicsofspeechsoundvs.Howspeechsoundformsandabstractormentalaspectofit.broadtranscriptionvs.narrowtranscriptionWhethertheyhaveallophones理解SpeechorgansTheclassificationanddescriptionofconsonantsTheclassificationanddescriptionofvowels应用能够识别发声器官图中的发声器官名称Vocalcords声带alveolar齿龈palate上颚velum软腭能够根据发音部位/方式英语辅音进行分类和描述。发音部位bilabial[p][b][m][w]labiodental[f][v]dental[θ][ð]alveolar[t][d][s][z]alveo-palatal[ʃ][ʒ][tʃ][dʒ][j]velar[k][g][ŋ]glottal[h]发音方式Fricative[f][v][θ][ð][s][z][ʃ][ʒ]affricate[tʃ][dʒ]能够描述元音前元音/i//i://e//æ/中元音/ʌ//ə//ə:/后元音/u//u://ɔ//ɔ://a:/思考长元音是短元音的时间延长吗？thelengthandtensenessin