西方哲学思辨

ADialecticalApproachtoWesternPhilosophy（西方哲学思辨）•谭颖•[e-mail]hastodowiththestudyoflivingorganisms.BiologyAstronomyhastodowiththecelestialobjects.What?Philosophyisthestudyorcreationoftheoriesaboutbasicthingssuchasthenatureofexistence,knowledge,andthought,orabouthowpeopleshouldlive.Bythisdefinitionweknowphilosophyisthestudyofgeneralandfundamentalproblems,suchasthoseconnectedwithreality,existence,knowledge,values,reason,mind,andlanguage.Whatisphilosophy?Bythisdefinition,philosophyisthestudyofgeneralandfundamentalproblems,suchasthoseconnectedwithreality,existence,knowledge,values,reason,mind,andlanguage.Whatisphilosophy?＊WHatistheworldmadeof?＊Wherearewefrom?＊Whatishumanbeing?＊IsthereaGod?Metaphysics（形而上学）/Ontology（本体论）metaphysics（metá）:“之后或之上”（physiká）:“自然，自然的产物”，metaphysica：“在自然之后”。----形而上学“形而上者谓之道，形而下者谓之器”。----《易经》＊Whatdoweknow?＊Howdoweknowwhatweknow?＊Iswhatweknowfromexperienceorfromreason?Epistemology（认识论）＊Whatregimeisthebest?＊Whatisjusticelaw?＊Agovernmentofthepeope(民有）,bythepeople（民治），orforthepeople（民享）?Politic（政治学）＊Whatisgood?whatisevil?＊Whatisjustice?＊Whatishappiness?＊Whatisbeauty?Ethics（伦理学）/moralityOphilosophy,life'sguide!Osearcher-outofvirtue,andexpellerofvices!Whatcouldweandeveryageofmenhavebeenwithoutthee?---CiceroWhatisphilosophy?西塞罗（MarcusTulliusCicero，前106－前43年，是罗马国晚期的哲学家、政治家、律师、作家、雄辩家。Whatisphilosophy?Wonderisverymuchtheaffactionofaphilosopher;forthereisnootherbeginningofphilosophythanthis.---Plato柏拉图(约前427年－前347年)，古希腊伟大的哲学家，也是全部西方哲学乃至整个西方文化最伟大的哲学家和思想家之一CriticalthinkingHowactivethinking,notpassive,morethanthinking,morethandaydreaming,solvingproblems,criterial-basedjudgment,beingskeptical,willingtoproposeassumptions,systemicapproachrationalargumentationHowHistoryofhumancivilizationPurposeofphilosophizing*notsomuchaboutcomingupwiththeanswerstofundamentalquestions,butratheritistheprocessoftryingtofindoutanswers,usingreasoninginsteadofacceptingblindly,orwithoutquestioningconventionalviewsortraditionalauthority.导言Whatiswesternphilosophy?WhyshouldwestudyWesternphilosophy?Howdowestudyit?1.Whatiswesternphilosophy?Greekφιλοσοφία(philein:lovesophia:wisdom1.Theloveofwisdom.2.Theunboundedpursuitofameaningfullifethroughrationalinquiry.WhatisWesternphilosophyOutlineofthedevelopmentofwesternphilosophy▲Ancientphilosophy(700BC-470)▲PhilosophyintheMiddleAges(470-1500)▲PhilosophyduringtheRenaissance(1500-1750)▲ModernPhilosophy(1750-1900)▲ContemporaryPhilosophy(1900__)▲TheAncientGreekphilosophy(700BC-470)GreekPhilosophyPre-SocraticSocratesPlatoAristotle▲TheAncientGreekphilosophy(700BC-470)presocratics：前苏格拉底PhilosophersbeforeSocratesandSocrates'ContemporariesThesefirstGreekphilosophersfocusedonnature,andtheirphilosophyorratherphusis(自然哲学)mainlyconcernsthestudyofnature,with“arche(本原/始基)asitscentralissue.Whatispermanentinexistence?▲TheAncientGreekphilosophy(700BC-470)■1.TheMilesians:Thales,Anaximander,Anaximenes米利都学派：代表人物–泰勒斯,阿纳克曼德，阿纳克美尼■2.ThePythagoreans:Pythagoras毕达哥拉斯学派：代表人物—毕达哥拉斯■3.Heraclitus(赫拉克里特)■4.Parmenides（巴门尼德)■5.ThePluralists(多元素论者）■6.TheAtomist:Democritus原子论者:代表人物—德谟克利特PresocraticphilosophersThepre-Socracticphilosophersfocusedonnature,theyproposedinconsistentinterpretationsofnature,andthereappearedtobenowayofreconcilingthem.ItwasSophists(智者派）andSocrateswhoshiftedthisconcernofphilosophytothestudyofhumanbeings.Insteadofaskinglargecosmicquestionsabouttheultimateprinciplesofthings,theyinsteadaskedquestionsthataremoredirectlyrelatedtomoralbehavior.▲TheAncientGreekphilosophy(700BC-470)Greekphilosophyseemstobeginwithapreposterousfancy,withthepropositionthatwateristheoriginandmother-wombofallthings.Isitreallynecessarytostopthereandbecomeserious?Yes,andforthreereasons:Firstly,thepropositiondoesenunciatesomethingabouttheoriginofthings;secondly,becauseitdoessowithoutfigureandfable;thirdlyandlastly,becauseinitiscontained,althoughonlyinthechrysalisstate,theidea–Everythingisone.Thefirst-mentionedreasonleavesThalesstillinthecompanyofreligiousandsuperstitiouspeople;thesecond,however,takeshimoutofthiscompanyandshowshimtousasanaturalphilosopher;butbyvirtueofthethird,ThalesbecomesthefirstGreekphilosopher.----Nietzsche(尼采）▲TheAncientGreekphilosophy(700BC-470)Medievalphilosophyischaracteristicallytheological;themedievalthinkersdidnotconsiderthemselvesphilosophersatall.Theproblemsdiscussedthroughoutthisperiodaretherelationoffaithtoreason,theexistenceandsimplicityofGod,thepurposeoftheologyandmetaphysics,andtheproblemsofknowledge,ofuniversals,andofindividuation.▲PhilosophyintheMiddleAges(470-1500)ChristianityruledallEurope.Goddominatedalllandscape.Godisthefoundationofeverything.▲PhilosophyintheMiddleAges(470-1500)Whatelseisthere?1.Godisomniscient:itknowseverythingthatitislogicallypossibletoknow.2.Godisomnipotent:itisabletodoanythingthatitislogicallypossibletodo.3.Godisomnibenevolent:itisofuniversalgoodwillanddesirestodoeverygoodthingthatcanpossiblybedone.▲PhilosophyintheMiddleAges(470-1500)Theology(神学）▲PhilosophyintheMiddleAges(470-1500)Withparticularregardtotheproblemofevil,thefollowinginferenc