英汉语言文化比较期末重点

1《英汉语言文化比较》讲义第1讲语言与文化概述1.Therelationshipbetweenlanguageandculture.Languageandcultureareinseparablyintertwined.(1)Languageisapartofculture.(2)Languageisamanifestationofculture.(Culturemanifestsitselfbothinpatternsoflanguageandthought,andinformsofactivityandbehavior.)(3)Languageisthestimulusofculture(Aflourishedlanguagecanpromotethedevelopmentofculture.)2.EnglishspeakersaregoodatabstractthinkingwhiletheChineseareapttothinkintermsofimages.3.EnglishspeakerspreferanalyticalthinkingwhiletheChineseprefercomprehensivethinking.4.EnglishspeakersthinkmoreinalinearwaywhiletheChinesethinkmoreorlessinacurvingway.5.AccordingtoWhorfhypothesis,“Thelanguagethatanindividualspeaksfacilitatesparticularwaysofthinking.”第2讲英汉语发展简史11.Basedonmorphologicalclassification(形态分类法),Englishbelongstoinflectedlanguage(屈折语),whileChinesebelongstoisolatinglanguage(孤立语).2.Basedonstructuralclassification(结构分类法),bothEnglishandChinesebelongtoanalyticlanguage(分析语).3.Basedongeneticclassification(谱系分类法),EnglishbelongstoIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamily,andChinesebelongstoSino-TibetanLanguageFamily.4.EnglishisaWestGermanic(西日耳曼语支)languagethatoriginatedfromtheAnglo-FrisiandialectsbroughttoBritainbyGermanicinvaders.5.Englishisaphonemelanguage(表音文字)andChineseisanideographiclanguage(表意文字).6.ThefirstpeopleinEnglandaboutwhoselanguagewehavedefiniteknowledgearetheCelts.7.AftertheNormanConquest,EnglishenteredtheperiodofMiddleEnglish.8.Theperiodfrom450to1150isknownasOldEnglish.From1150to1500thelanguageisknownasMiddleEnglish.Thelanguagesince1500iscalledModernEnglish(1500-1700,earlyModernEnglish,1700untilnow,laterModernEnglish).9.ThemaindifferencesbetweenChinesewordsandEnglishwords:a)LettersinEnglisharelikestrokesinChinese.b)MorphemesinEnglisharelikeradicalsinChinese.c)Chineseassociativecompounds(会意字)arelikeEnglishcompoundwords.第3讲英汉语发展简史221.ChineseandmostrelatedlanguagessharefeaturesthatmakethemunlikemostWesternlanguages:Theyaremonosyllabic,haveevenlessinflectionthanEnglish,andaretonal.2.InChinese,asyllabicstructurehasthreeessentialcomponents:initials(声母),finals(韵母),andtones(声调).Chinesepinyinsystemhas21initialconsonants,36finalvowelsand4tones.3.AccordingtoXuShen’s(许慎)research,Chinesecharacterscanbedividedintosixgroups:1)Pictographs(≈4%)象形;2)Ideographs(≈1%)指事;3)LogicalAggregates(≈13%)会意;4)PhoneticComplexes(≈82%)形声;5)AssociativeTransformations(asmallportion)转注;6)Borrowings(asmallportion)假借.第4讲英汉语构词法1.WordformationinEnglish:1)Compounding(合成法):Twoormorewordsarejoinedtogethertoformanewword.(Forexample:home+work→homework)2)Prefixation(前缀法):Prefixationistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingprefixestostems.Prefixesdonotgenerallychangetheword-classofthestembutonlymodifyitsmeaning.(Forexample:Pejorativeprefixes(贬义前缀):mal-,pseudo-,mis-,ill-).3)Suffixation(后缀法):Suffixationistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingsuffixestostems.Unlikeprefixeswhichprimarilychangethemeaningofthestem,theprimaryfunctionofsuffixesistochangethegrammaticalfunctionofstems.4)Conversion(转化法):Conversionisaword-formationwherebyawordofacertainword-classisshiftedintoawordofanotherwithouttheadditionofanaffix.Itisalsocalledzeroderivation(零位派生).(Forexample:1)Problemssnowballedbythehour.2)Sandwichthetwobreadhalvestogetherandcutinto1-inch-wideslices.)5)Shortening(缩略法)6)Blending(拼缀法):Blendingisaprocessofword-formationinwhichanewwordisformedbycombiningpartsoftwowords.Theresultofsuchaprocessiscalledablend.Blendingisaprocessofbothcompoundingandabbreviation.Forexample,smog(smoke＋fog).7)Back-formation(逆成法):aprocessofword-formationbywhichawordiscreatedbythedeletionofasupposedsuffix.Itisalsoknownasareversederivation.8)Eponyms9)Toponyms2.WordformationinChinese:1)TheoverwhelmingmajorityoftheOld-Chinesemorphemesaremono-syllabic.2)61%ofthe3,000mostcommonlyusedChinesewordsaredisyllabic.3)Chineseprefixesmostlyinvolvemorphemessuchas老,小,第,and初.34)Someso-calledChinesesuffixesareaddedasawayofnominalization,like度,性,etc.第5讲英汉词语的文化内涵比较11.InChinese,thewordxīn(心)thatprimarilydenotestheheartorganmayalsorefertothe“organforthinking”andthe“seatofthoughtandemotions”.2.Incontrast,accordingtotheWesternview,heartisseenasthecenterofemotions/feelingsandthehead(thelocusofthebrainwithwhichthemindisassociated)asthecenterofthought.3.Basedonthemetaphor“heartasaphysicalentity”,thefollowingwordsareformedinChinese:心房,心窝,心田,心地,and心弦.4.Researchprovesthatifalanguageonlyhastwocolorwords,theymustbeblackandwhite;ifthelanguagehasthethirdcolorword,itmustbered;ifithasthefourthone,itmustbeyelloworgreen.第6讲英汉词语的文化内涵比较21.Doghasanegativeconnotationin“adoginthemanger”.2.Traditionally,peoplehavetalkedabout“fixedexpressions”,stressingthefixednessoftheseexpressions,butcorpusstudieshaveshownthatmanyofthephrasescanactuallybevaried.3.Anidiomisafixedorsemi-fixedexpressionwhosemeaningcannotbededucedfromitsparts.Butveryfewidiomsare100%fixed.第7讲英语抽象名词和汉语具体名词1.ThepluralformsofabstractEnglishnounsoftenhavethefunctionofconcretization,forexample,ratings,attractionsandbreakdowns.第8讲形合与意合1.Hypotaxis(形合):Thedependentorsubordinaterelationshipofclauseswithconnectives.Forexample:Itwascoldbecausethesnowsca