英语中的限定词

限定词限定词（DETERMINER〕是在名词词组中对名词中心词起特指（SPECIFICREFERENCE〕、类指（GENERICREFERENCE〕以及表示确定数量（DEFINITEQUANTITY〕和非确定数量（INDEFINITEQUANTITY〕等限定作用的词类.名词词组除有词汇意义外,还有其所指意义（REFERENTIALMEANING〕,是特指（即指特写的对象〕,还是类指（即泛指一类人或物〕；是有确定的数量,还是没有确定的数量.能在名词词组中表示这种所指意义的词类就是限定词.英语的限定词包括：定冠词（DEFINTITEARTICLE〕,不定冠词（INDEFINITEARTICLE〕,零冠词（ZEROARTICLE〕物主限定词（POSSESSIVEDETERMINER〕,my,your,his,her,our,your,their,one's,its.名词属格（GENITIVENOUN〕,John's,myfriend's.指示限定词（DEMONSTRATIVEDETERMINER〕,this,that,these,those,such.关系限定词（RELATIVEDETERRMINER〕,whose,which.疑问限定词（INTERROGATIVEDETERMINER〕,what,which,whose.不定限定词（INDEFINITEDETERMINER〕,no,some,any,each,every,enough,either,neither,all,both,half,several,many,much,(a)few,(a)little,other,another.基数词（CARDINALNUMERAL〕和序数词（ORDINALNUMERAL〕倍数词（MULTIPLICATIVENUMERAL〕和分数词（FRACTIONALNUMERAL〕量词（QUANTIFIER〕alotof,lotsof,plentyof,agreatof,agooddealof,alargeof,asmallamountof,aquantityof,agreatof,agoodnumberof等.限定词与名词词组中心词之间有着某种固定的搭配关系；如果名词之前带有两个或两个以上的限定词,则限定词与限定词之间也有某种固定的搭配关系.本讲主要解决这两种搭配关系问题.1限定词与三类名词的搭配关系限定词的选择决定于随后的名词的类别,是单数名词、复数名词,还是不可数名词.1〕能与三类名词搭配的限定词有些限定词如the,some,any,no,other,whose以及my,your等物主限定词和名词属格（John's,myfriend's〕等能与三类名词搭配.例如：thebook,mybook,myfriend'sbook,John'sbook,anybook,somebook,nobook,theotherbook,whosebook,thebooks,mybooks,myfriend'sbook,John'sbooks,anybooks,somebooks,nobooks,theotherbooks,whosebooks,themoney,mymoney,myfriend'smoney,John'smoney,anymoney,somemoney,nomoney,theothermoney,whosemoney.2〕只能与单数名词搭配的限定词有些限定词如a(n),one,another,each,every,either,neither,manya,sucha等只能与单数名词搭配.例如：eachworker,eitherbook,anapple,anotherbook,suchabook,everystudent,neithersentence,onecopy,manyabook.3)只能与复数名词搭配的限定词有些限定词如both,two,three,anothertwo/three,many,(a)few,several,these,those,a(great)numberof等只能与复数名词搭配.例如：bothworkers,severalstudents,anumberofessays,manystudents,(a)fewwords,these/thosebooks,two/threevisitors,anothertwo/threestudents.4)只能与不可数名词搭配的限定词有些限定词如a(little)bitof,agreatamountof,agreatdealof,(a)little,much等只能与不可数名词搭配.例如：abitofwater,agreatamountoflabour,agreatdealofwork,(a)littlespace,muchnoise.5〕能与单、复数名词搭配的限定词有些限定词如thefirst,thesecond,thelast,thenext等既可与单数名词搭配,也可与复数名词搭配.例如：thefirstrose,thelastman,thenextmeeting,thefirstroses,thelastmen,thenextmeetings.6〕能与单数名词和不可数名词搭配的限定词有些限定词如this,that,(the)least等能与单数名词和不可数名词搭配.例如：(the)leastsign(ofprejudice),this/thatjob,(the)leastknowledge,this/thatwork.7〕能与复数名词和不可数名词搭配的限定词还有些限定词如alotof,lotsof,enough,more,most,such,other等可与复数名词和不可数名词搭配.例如：alotofbooks,alotofmoney,lotsofchickens,lotsoffood,plentyofchairs,plentyofwater,enoughcopies,enoughcoal,morearticles,moretime,mostpeople,mostwork,suchmen,suchbread,othermen,otherbread.不定量限定词less原先只与不可数名词搭配,但在现代英语中,less既可与不可数名词也可与复数名词搭配.例如：lessmoney,lessmistakes.2限定词与限定词的搭配关系以上讲的是限定词与三类名词的搭配关系.除上述搭配关系外,限定词与限定词之间还存在着一定的搭配关系.在名词词组中心词之前如果有两个或两个以上限定词出现时,就会产生限定词的先后顺序问题.按其不同的搭配位置,限定词可分为：1〕中位、前位、后位限定词按照限定词与限定词之间不同搭配位置,限定词可分为中位限定词（CENTRALDETERMINER〕、前位限定词（PREDETERMINER〕和后位限定词（POSTDETERMINER〕.a)中位限定词包括a(n),the,zero;this,that,these,those;my,your,etc;Merry's,myfriend's;some,any,no,every,each,either,neither,enough;what(ever),which(ever),whose等b)前位限定词包括all,both,half;double,twice,threetimes,etc;one-third,two-fifths,etc;what,such,(a/an)等c)后位限定词包括one,two,three,etc;first,second,third,etc;next,last,other,another,etc;many,much,(a)few,(a)little,fewer,(the)fewest,less,(the)least,more,most;several,plentyof,alotof,lotsof,agreat/large/goodnumberof,agreat/gooddealof,alarge/smallamountof;such等2)三类限定词的搭配关系如果一个名词词组带有上述三类限定词,其搭配关系总是按照前位－－中位－－后位的顺序排列.例如：all前the中four后teachers.all前your中three后books.all前these中last后few后days.如果只有上述两类限定词,其搭配关系仍按上述顺序.例如：half前his中lecture.those中last后few后months.several后hundred后guests.all前other后students.such前a中misfortune.some中such后alloy.由上述诸例可以看出,中位限定词之间和前位限定词之间是互相排拆的,即一个名词中心词之前不可并用两个中位限定词或两个前位限定词.所以,我的那本书不是*mythatbook而是thatbookofmine,因为my和that同是中位限定词,不可同时并列.但后位限定词的使用却不受此限.除上述thoselastfewmonths,severalhundredguests之外,thislasttwobooks,thefirsttwochapters,threeothergirls,twomoresheets,thenextfewweeks,manymorecopies,afewmoresamples,anothertwentytons等都是后位限定词重叠使用的实例.个别限定词有跨类现象,如such既属于前位限定词,又可归入后位限定词.由于它只是在sucha...和suchan...这样的搭配中属于前位限定词,而在与其他限定词(some,any,no,all,few,another,other,many,one,two,etc)搭配时,such则是后位限定词,一律放在上述这些限定词的后面,如somesuch,anysuch,nosuch,fewsuch,onesuch等。3若干限定词用法比较前两节介绍了限定词与三类名词以及限定词与限定词之间的搭配关系.下面介绍一些限定词（包括相应的不定代词〕的某些习惯用法问题.(本节所讲的不定代词多属于名词性替代词（NOMINALSUBSTITUTE〕,参见37.1)1〕many,much,alotof,lotsof,plentyof表示多的意思,可用many,much,alotof,lotsof,plentyof等.但是many,much常用于否定句和疑问句,而alotof等则常用于肯定句.例如：Ihaven'tseenmanyEnglishfilms.多数英文电影我没看过.many修饰可数名词HaveyouseenmanyEnglishfilms?多数的英文电影你都看过吗?many修饰可数名词Ihaven'tdonemuchworktoday.我还没有做多少活呢.much修饰不可数名词Haveyoudonemuchworktoday?今天你已经做了很多活吗?much修饰不可数名词Ihaveseenalotof/lotsof/plentyof/agreatnumberofEnglishfilms.我已经看了多部英文电影.number修饰可数名词Ihavedonealotof/lotsof/plentyof/agreatamountofworktoday.今天我已经做了很多活.amount修饰不可数名词many/much既可作限定词,也可作不定代词（INDEFINITEPRONOUN〕,alot也可单独用作名词词组：Haveyoudonealltheseexercises?----No,Ihaven'tdoneverymany.Haveyoudonemuchworktoday?----Yes,I'vedonealot.当然,以上所讲many/much常用于否定句和疑问句并不是绝对的,尤其是在下列场合many/muc