英语词性和句子成分2015721

1/6英语十大词类与八大句子成分一、十大词类根据英语单词所表达的含义以及在句子中的作用，可把英语单词分为十大词类：名词、代词、数词、动词、副词、形容词、冠词、介词、连词、感叹词。根据不同词类所具有的共同特征，又将十大词类分为两大部分：1．实词：名词、代词、数词、动词、副词、形容词。特征：具有完整的词义；能够在句子中独立充当句子成分。2．虚词：冠词、介词、连词、感叹词。特征：没有完整的意思；不能够在句子中独立充当句子成分，必须和实词搭配，才能充当句子成分。十大词类和八大句子成分实词汉语名称英语名称用途例词句法作用名词n.(noun)表示人或事物的名称boy,book主、表、宾、补、定、同代词pron.(pronoun)代替名词、形容词或数词I,it,their主、表、补、定、同数词num.(numeral)表示数量和顺序two,third主、表、宾、定、同动词v.(verb)表示动作或状态work,ran主、谓、表、宾、补、定、状形容词adj.(adjective)修饰名词，表示人、物的特征red,long,old表、定、补副词adv.(adverb)修饰动词、形容词或其他副词here,often,weekly表、状虚词冠词art.(article)用在名词前，说明名词指的人、物a,an,the介词prep.(preposition)表示名词、代词等与其它词的关系in,after,under,on连词conj.(conjunction)连接词与词、短语和短语、句子和句子and,but,because感叹词interj.(interjection)表示说话时的感情或口气oh,ouch2/6二、八大句子成分构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。Ⅰ.主语主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在therebe结构、疑问句（当主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.（名词）WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.（代词）One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.（数词）Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.（不定式）Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.（动名词）Therichshouldhelpthepoor.（名词化的形容词）WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.（主语从句）Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）Ⅱ.谓语谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.Hehascaughtabadcold.（2）由连系动词加表语构成。如：Wearestudents.Ⅲ.表语表语用来说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be,become,get,look,turn,seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如：OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.（名词）Isityours?（代词）Theweatherhasturnedcold.（形容词）Thespeechisexciting.（分词）3/6Threetimessevenistwenty-one?（数词）HisjobistoteachEnglish.（不定式）Hishobbyisplayingfootball.（动名词）Themachinemustbeoutoforder.（介词短语）Timeisup.Theclassisover.（副词）Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.（表语从句）Ⅳ.宾语宾语表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：Theywenttoseeanexhibitionyesterday.（名词）Theheavyrainpreventedmefromcomingtoschoolontime.（代词）Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.（数词）Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.（名词化形容词）Hepretendednottoseeme.（不定式短语）Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.（动名词短语）Ithink(that)heisfitforhisoffice.（宾语从句）宾语的种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lendmeyourdictionary,please.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：Theyelectedhimtheirmonitor.Ⅴ.定语修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等形式表示：Guilinisabeautifulcity.（形容词）Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Americaisadevelopedcountry.（分词）Therearethirtywomenteachersinourschool.（名词）HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.（代词）Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.（不定式短语）Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.（动名词）HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.（介词短语）Ⅵ.状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表示：Lighttravelsmostquickly.（副词及副词性词组）Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.（介词短语）4/6Heisproudtohavepassedthenationalcollegeentranceexamination.（不定式短语）Heisintheroommakingamodelplane.（分词短语）Waitaminute.（名词）Onceyoubegin,youmustcontinue.（状语从句）状语的种类：Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?（时间状语）Lastnightshedidn’tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.（原因状语）Ishallgothereifitdoesn’train.（条件状语）MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.（地点状语）Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.（方式状语）Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.（伴随状语）Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.（目的状语）Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.（结果状语）Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.（让步状语）Iamtallerthanheis.（比较状语）Ⅶ.宾语补足语和主语补足语英语有些及物动词，除了要有宾语之外，还要加上宾语补足语，才能使句子的意义完整。宾语和宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。如果上述结构变成被动语态，原宾语成为主语，原宾语补足语相应地变为主语补足语。可以担当补足语的有名词、形容词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词等。例如：HisfathernamedhimDongLei.（名词作宾语补足语）Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.（形容词作宾语补足语）Letthefreshairin.（副词作宾语补足语）Youmustn’tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.（不定式短语作宾语补足语）Wesawherenteringtheroom.（现在分词作宾语补足语）Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.（介词短语作宾语补足语）Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.（从句作宾语补足语）Shewasseenenteringtheroom.（现在分词作主语补足语）Somegoodsareleftunsold.（分词做主语补足语）Ⅷ.同位语对句子中某一成分作进一步解释、说明，与前面的词在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分叫做同位语。同位语常常置于被说明的词之后。例如：ThisisMr.Zhou,directorofourhospital.（名词）Hehimselfdidit.（代词）5/6Theyear,1988isimportant.（数词）Mytask,lookingafterthesechildrenisimportant.（动名词）Myjob,toteachthemgrammarishard.（不定式）Thesuggestionthatweshouldrecitemorewordsisuseful.（同位语从句）练习：一、指出下列句子中划线部分的句子成分。1.Whetherwe’llgodependsontheweather.2.Thenurserytakesgoodcareofourchildren.3.I’llreturnthebooktoyoutomorrow.4.Thewomanwithababyinherarmsishisother.5.Ihavealotofworktodo.6.Wecansendacarovertofetchyou.7.Somefarmerssawsomethingstrangeinthesky.8.Wethinkitnecessarythateveryoneshouldattendthemeeting.9.It’sstrangethatshedoesn’tcometoday.10.Helikesdrawingattimeswhenheisn’tworking.二、标出下列各句子成分（A--主语；B--谓语；C--宾语；D--状语；E--宾语补足语；F--系动词；G--表语；H--定语）11.Ineedmoneyandrespect.12.Iamajuniormiddleschoolstudent.13.Ireadalot.14.Wemeeteveryweektoplaywitheachother.15.Myhobbyisplayingchess.16.MymumtaughtmehowtoplaywhenIwassevenyearsold.17.Onmyeighthbirthday,Iwonforthefirsttime.6/618.I’msavingmymoneytobuyachesscomputer.19.Wewanttoclimbmountainsaswellastolistentomusic.20.Peopleallovertheworldgavehiminterestingthingsfromdifferentcountries.21.Id