论文写作中需要注意的关键问题

运用学术文献(Quotation)一、直接引用、解释性说明、概括性说明二、标注方式运用学术文献(Quotation)Whenwewriteanacademicpaper,wealmostalwaysneedtoborrowideas,statistics,andpreviousresearchfindingstostrengthenourownideas,toexplainourownarguments,andsupportourownevidence.Ifaresearchpaperiswrittenwithoutusinganyoutsideideasorinformation,thatpapermightbeconsideredasdeficientinacademicvalue.WaysofUsingOutsideSourcesGenerallyspeaking,therearethreelegalwaysofusingoutsidesourcesandinformation:Directquotation(直接引用)Paraphrasing(解释性说明)Summarizing(概括性说明)Asamatteroffact,academicresearchrequiresthecombineduseofthesethreemethods.Directquotation(直接引用)Adirectquoteiswhenyouuseanotherperson’swordsdirectlyinyourpaper.Knowingwhentouseadirectquoteisimportant.Donotquoteeverythingyouwanttosay.Mostthingsshouldbeparaphrased.Guidelinesfordirectquotations(DQs)1.UsingDQsunderthefollowingcircumstances:--Whentheoriginalwordingexpressestheideasopreciselyandbrieflythatwecannotimproveonit,--Whenthedirectquotationcomesfromanauthorityinaparticularfieldandthereforestrengthensourpointofview,Guidelinesfordirectquotations(DQs)--Whenweneedtoborrowaspecialtermofexpressionthatisaparticularwriter’sinventionandcarriesspecialmeaning,--Whenweneedtheoriginalwordingforthepurposeoffurtherdiscussion.Guidelinesfordirectquotations(DQs)2.RuleswhenusingDQs--KeeptheQ.asbriefaspossible,--Beaccurate,whatappearsbetweenquotationmarksshouldbeexactlythesameastheoriginal.Noword,punctuation,orevenspellingshouldbechanged,--AlwaysindicatethesourceoftheQ.2.RuleswhenusingDQs--WhentheDQ.islessthantreelines(about40words),incorporateitintheflowoftheparagraphwithapairofquotationmarks,e.g.Theteacherbecomes“convincedoftherightnessofhissolutions”1andclaimstohavesoleinsight,characteristicswhichfindsupportinstudiesofgurus.2.RuleswhenusingDQs--Whenonlypartsofalongsentenceofpassagearequoted,theomittedwordsmaybeindicatedwiththreedots.However,thepartsthatdoappearasaquotationstillhavetobeaccurate,e.g.Thepainting,accordingtoClark,is“oneofthesupremecompositionsinart...”1(Theellipses“...”indicatethatawordorwordswereomitted.)2.RuleswhenusingDQs--Whenthequotationislongerthanthreelines,useaseparateandindentedparagraph,withoutquotationmarks,toindicatethequotation(Indentthefullquotationfivespacesfromtheleftmargin.),e.g.2.RuleswhenusingDQsAprimaryresearchagendaforWAChasbeenfirmlylaidoutbyHansen:Ifteachersaretooffercoursesthattrulypreparestudentstowriteinotherdisciplines,theywillhavetoexplorewhythosedisciplinesstudycertainsubjects,whycertainmethodsofenquiryaresanctioned,howtheconventionsofadisciplineshapeatextinthatdiscipline,andhowonetextinfluencessubsequenttexts.3Guidelinesfordirectquotations(DQs)3.ExpressionsusedtoindicatethesourceofaDQAsXsaid…,AsXreported…,AsXmentioned…,AsXdeclared…,AsXwrote…,AsXinsisted…,AsXmaintained…,AsXstated…,Xsaid…,Xfurtherstated…,Xlaterinsisted…,Xcontinued…,Xfirmlybelieves…,etc.Eg:Guidelinesfordirectquotations(DQs)1.AsDr.MichaelJacksonwroteinanarticle(where)intheJune1985(when)issueofIssuesforthe90’s,“Refugeesareoverwhelmingtheresourcesofmanyalreadystrugglingnations”2.Dr.Jacksonfurtherstated,“Itistheresponsibilityofalldevelopednationstoeasetheirburden.”3.“Therefugeeproblemcanonlyescalate,”hecontinued,“aswar,famine,andpoliticalpersecutionpersist.”Formoreinformation,refertocoursebookP57-61.Paraphrasing(解释性说明)Paraphrasingmeansrestatetheideaofasentenceorpassageinashorterorsimplerform.Academicwritersemployparaphrasingtoborrowideasandpreviousresearchfindingsinthefieldofstudy.Paraphrasingisoneofthethreeimportantmethodsofincorporatingoutsidesources.Paraphrasing(解释性说明)Aparaphraseisanimportantpartofwritingapaper.Simplyputtheparaphraseiswhenyoureadanotherauthorsworkandputitintoyourownwords.Itisalsoconsideredparaphrasingwhenyouusestatisticsandresearchfromanothersource.Thisisthemostcommoncitationinapaper.Properparaphrasingisanart.Thisdoesnotmeanchangingafewwordsaround.Itmeanstakingtheauthorsideas,summarizingthemintoyourownwordsandthenusingthem.YOUDONOTUSEQUOTATIONMARKSWHENPARAPHRASING.GuidelinesforParaphrasing1.TwosimplerulesgovernParaphrasingRule1:Alwaysgivecredittothesourceoftheideaofmaterialbeingparaphrased.Failingtodosoisregardedasdishonesty.Rule2:Alwaysrestatetheideawithdifferentvocabularyandsentencestructure.Therefore,understandingtheoriginalsentencewellandrewritingitinasimplerwayarethetwomostimportantstepsinsuccessfulparaphrasing.GuidelinesforParaphrasing2.ExpressionsandstructuresusedtointroduceaparaphraseXfound/discoveredthat…;AsXpointedout,…;AstudybyXindicatesthat…;Xarguesthat…;ResearchbyXsuggeststhat…;Xclaimsthat…;Xhasdrawnattentiontothefactthat…;Xhasexpressedasimilarview….GuidelinesforParaphrasingEg.“Attitudesareselectivelyacquiredandintegratedthroughlearningandexperience.”(JohnD.Faust)AsJohnD.Faustpointsout,individualschangetheirattitudesbecauseofthethingstheylearnandthethingstheyexperience.Summarizing(概括性说明)Summarizingisusedinalmosteveryaspectofhumanthinkingandcommunication.Wheneverwerecountastory,andideaoraneventintheformofmainideasinourownwords,wearesummarizing.Inacademicwriting,ourpresentconcern,summarizi