美国文学史及选读的名词解释(全)

1.AmericanPuritanismitcomesfromtheAmericanpuritans,whowerethefirstimmigrantsmovedtoAmericancontinentinthe17thcentury.Originalsin,predestination（预言）andsalvation（拯救）werethebasicideasofAmericanPuritanism.And,hard-working,piousness（虔诚,尽职），thriftandsobriety（清醒）werepraised.2.Romanticism:theliteraturetermwasfirstappliedtothewritersofthe18thcenturyinEuropewhobrokeawayfromtheformalrulesofclassicalwriting.WhenitwasusedinAmericanliteratureitreferredtothewritersofthemiddleofthe19thcenturywhostimulated（刺激）thesentimentalemotionsoftheirreaders.Theywroteofthemysteriousoflife,love,birthanddeath.TheRomanticwritersexpressedthemselvesfreelyandwithoutrestraint.Theywroteallkindsofmaterials,poetry,essays,plays,fictions,history,worksoftravel,andbiography.3.2.Transcendentalism(先验说,超越论):isaphilosophicandliterarymovementthatflourishedinNewEngland,particularatConcord,asareactionagainstRationalismandCalvinism(理性主义and喀尔文主义).MainlyitstressedintuitiveunderstandingofGod,withoutthehelpofthechurch,andadvocatedindependenceofthemind.TherepresentativewritersareEmersonandThoreau.4.Localcolorism:asatrendbecamedominantinAmericanliteratureinthe1860sandearly1870s，itisdefinedbyHamlinGarlandashavingsuchqualityoftextureandbackgroundthatitcouldnothavebeenwritteninanyotherplaceorbyanyoneelsethananativestoriesoflocalcolorismhaveaqualityofcircumstantial(详细的)authenticity(确实性),aslocalcoloriststriedtoimmortalize(使不朽)thedistinctivenatural,socialandlinguisticfeatures.Itischaracteristicofvernacular(本国语)languageandsatirical(讽刺的)humor5.Streamofconsciousness（意识流）：Itisoneofthemodernliterarytechniques.Itisthestyleofwritingthatattemptstoimitatethenaturalflowofacharacter’sthoughts,feelings,reflections,memories,andmentalimagesasthecharacterexperiencesthem.Itwasfirstusedin1922bytheIrishnovelistJamesJoyce.Thosenovelsbrokethroughtheboundsoftimeandspace,anddepictedvividlyandskillfullytheunconsciousactivityofthemindfastchangingandflowingincessantly。6.AmericanRealism:InAmericanliterature,theCivilWarbroughttheRomanticPeriodtoanend.TheAgeofRealismcameintoexistence.Itcameasareactionagainstthelieofromanticismandsentimentalism.Realismturnedfromanemphasisonthestrangetowardafaithfulrenderingoftheordinary,asliceoflifeasitisreallylived.Itexpressestheconcernforcommonplaceandthelow,anditoffersanobjectiveratherthananidealisticviewofhumannatureandhumanexperience.7.Naturalism:Americannaturalismwasanewandharsherrealism.Americannaturalismhadbeenshapedbythewar;bythesocialupheavals（剧变）thatunderminedthecomfortingfaithofanearlierage.America’sliterarynaturalistsdismissedthevalidityofcomfortingmoraltruths.Theyattemptedtoachieveextremeobjectivityandfrankness,presentingcharactersoflowsocialandeconomicclasseswhoweredeterminedbytheirenvironmentandheredity.Althoughnaturalistliteraturedescribedtheworldwithsometimesbrutalrealism,itsometimesalsoaimedatbetteringtheworldthroughsocialreform.8.Imagism（意象派）:It’sapoeticmovementofEnglandandtheU.S.flourishedfrom1909to1917.Themovementinsistsonthecreationofimagesinpoetryby“thedirecttreatmentofthething”andtheeconomyofwording.TheleadersofthismovementwereEzraPoundandAmyLowell.9.Modernism：Itwasacomplexanddiverse（复杂多样的）internationalmovementinallthecreativearts（创造性艺术），originatingabouttheendofthe19thcentury.Itprovided（出现）thegreatestcreativerenaissanceofthe20thcentury.Itwasmadeupofmanyfacets（方面），suchassymbolism，surrealism（超现实主义），cubism（立体主义），expressionism，futurism（未来主义），ect10.TheLostgeneration：itreferstoagroupofyoungintellectuals（知识分子）whocamebackfromwar，wereinjured（受伤害）bothphysically（身体上）andmentally（精神上）.Theylivedbyindulging（放任）themselvesintheBohemian（波西米亚）wayoflife.TheirAmericandreamwasdisillusioned（破灭了）.ThebestrepresentativeofthelostgenerationwasErnestHemingway.11.AmericanDream:Americandreammeansthebeliefthateveryonecansucceedaslongashe/sheworkshardenough.Itusuallyimpliesasuccessfulandsatisfyinglife.ItusuallyframedintermsofAmericancapitalism（资本主义）,itsassociatedpurportedmeritocracy,（知识界精华）andthefreedomsguaranteedbytheU.S.BillofRights.12.TheHarlemRenaissance：referstothefloweringofAfricanAmericanliterature,art,anddramaduringthe1920sand1930s.ThoughcenteredinHarlem,NewYork,themovementimpactedurbancentersthroughouttheUnitedStates.Blacknovelists,poets,painters,andplaywrightsbegancreatingworksrootedintheirowncultureinsteadofimitatingthestylesofEuropeansandwhiteAmericans.