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SubjunctiveMood虚拟语气英语的动词有三种语气形式,即陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。陈述语气用来说明事实或就事实提出询问,可用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句中;祈使语气用于表示请求、命令、建议或警告等。Heishonest.他很诚实。(陈述语气)Don‘tbelatenexttime.下次别迟到。(祈使语气)虚拟语气是谓语动词的一种特殊形式,用来表达假设、主观愿望、猜测、建议、可能或空想等非真实情况。IfIwereyou,Iwouldnotgo.我要是你,我就不会去。(虚拟语气)一、虚拟语气在条件状语从句中条件句可分为两类,一类为真实条件句,一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设或实际可能性不大的情况,故采用虚拟语气。例如:Ifhedoesn'thurryup,hewillmissthebus.如果他不快点,他将错过巴士。(真实)Iftherewerenoair,peoplewoulddie.如果没有空气,人就会死亡。(不可能没有空气。非真实,虚拟语气,与事实相反)条件从句If从句主句与现在事实相反did/werewould/could/should/might+V.(原)与过去事实相反haddonewould/could/should/might+have+p.p.与将来事实相反1.did/were2.shoulddo3.weretodowould/could/should/might+V.(原)(一)表示与现在事实相反的情况从句:If+主语+过去时(Be动词用were)主句:主语+should/would/might/could+do:1.IfIwereyou,Iwouldtakeanumbrella.(事实:我不可能是你)2.IfIknewhistelephonenumber,Iwouldtellyou.如果我知道他的电话号码,我就会告诉你。(事实:我不知道他的电话号码)(二)表示与过去事实相反的情况从句:If+主语+had+done主句:主语+should/would/might/could+havedone1.IfIhadgotthereearlier,Ishould/wouldhavemether.如果我早到那儿,我就会见到她。(事实:去晚了)2.Ifhehadtakenmyadvice,hewouldnothavemadesuchamistake.如果他听我的劝告的话,就不会犯这样的错误了。(事实:没有听我的话)(三)表示对将来情况的主观推测从句:①if+主语+weretodo(if表示未来的虚拟语气独有形式,其他如wish,evenif等词都没有该形式来表示未来的虚拟语气)②if+主语+should+do③if+主语+过去式(be动词用were)主句:主语+should/would/might/could+do1.Ifheshouldcomeheretomorrow,Iwouldtalktohim.如果他明天来这儿的话,我就跟他谈谈。(事实:来的可能性很小,不可能)2.IftherewereaheavysnownextSunday,wewouldgoskating.如果下周日下大雪,我们就去滑冰。(事实:下雪可能性很小,不可能)3.IfsheweretobeherenextMonday,Iwouldtellheraboutthematter.如果她下周一来这儿的话,我就会告诉她这件事的始末。(事实:来的可能性很小,不可能)(四)有时,虚拟条件句中,结果主句和条件从句的谓语动作若不是同时发生时,虚拟语气的形式应作相应的调整。这种条件句叫错综条件句。①从句的动作与过去事实相反,而主句的动作与正在发生的事实不符。IfIhadworkedhardatschool,Iwouldbeanengineer,too.如果我在学校学习刻苦的话,我现在也会成为一个工程师了Iftheyhadinformedus,wewouldnotcomeherenow.如果他们通知过我们的话,我们现在就不会来这里了。②从句的动作与现在事实相反,而主句的动作与过去事实不符。Ifhewerefreetoday,wewouldhavesenthimtoBeijing.如果他今天有空的话,我们就已经派他去北京了。Ifheknewher,hewouldhavegreetedher.要是他认识她的话,他肯定会去问候她了。(五)当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有were,should,had时,if可以省略,这时条件从句要用倒装语序,即把were,should,had等词置于句首,这种多用于书面语。Shouldheagreetogothere,wewouldsendhimthere.要是他答应去的话,我们就派他去了。Wereshehere,shewouldagreewithus.如果她在这儿的话,她会同意我们的。Hadhelearntaboutcomputers,wewouldhavehiredhimtoworkhere.如果他懂一些电脑知识的话,我们已经聘用他来这里工作了。(六)非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表达出来,只暗含在副词、介词短语、上下文或其他方式表示出来,这种句子叫做含蓄条件句,在多数情况下,条件会暗含在短语中,如without…,butfor…(要不是因为...)等Butforhishelp,wewouldbeworkingnow.要不是他的帮助,我们还会在工作呢。Withoutyourinstruction,Iwouldnothavemadesuchgreatprogress.要是没有你的指导,我不会取得如此大的进步。Wedidn'tknowhistelephonenumber,otherwisewewouldhavetelephonedhim.我们不知道他的电话号码,否则我们就会给他打电话。二、虚拟语气特殊句型1.wish+宾语从句希望…hope表示一般可以实现的希望,宾语从句用陈述语气。wish表示很难或不大可能实现的希望,宾语从句用虚拟语气。试比较:(1)Wehopetheywillcome.(Wedon’tknowiftheycancome.)(2)Wewishtheycouldcome.(Weknowtheyarenotcoming.)1)与现在事实相反,从句谓语动词did/wereWewishhedidn’tsmoke.我们希望他不吸烟。2)与过去事实相反,从句谓语动词haddoneIwish/wishedIhadn'tspentsomuchmoney.但愿我没有花这么多钱。3)与将来事实相反,从句谓语动词would/could/might+V.Iwishpriceswouldcomedown.我希望物价能降下来。注意如果将wish改为过去式wished,其后that从句中的动词形式不变。2.Ifonly+句子要是…就好了1)与现在事实相反,谓语动词did/wereIfonlyIwereabird!我要是一只鸟该有多好啊!2)与过去事实相反,谓语动词haddoneIfonlywehadbeencollegestudentslastyear!去年我们要是大学生该多好!3)与将来事实相反,谓语动词would/could/might+V.Ifonlytheywouldwinthematch!3.asif/though+从句好像…1)与现在事实相反,从句谓语动词did/wereHetalksasifheknewwhereshewas.他说话的样子,好像他知道她在哪里似的。2)与过去事实相反,从句谓语动词haddoneHetalksaboutRomeasifhehadbeentherebefore.他说起罗马来好像他以前去过罗马似的。3)与将来事实相反,从句谓语动词would/could/might+V.Heopenedhismouthasifhewouldsaysomething.他张开嘴好像要说什么。注意:当说话者认为句子所述的是真实的或极有可能发生或存在的事实时,用陈述语气:Itsoundsasifitisraining.听起来像是在下雨。Hetalksasifheisdrunk.从他谈话的样子来看他是醉了。4.wouldrather+(that)从句宁愿…1)与现在事实相反,从句谓语动词did/wereI'dratheryouwereherenow.我宁愿你现在在这儿。2)与过去事实相反,从句谓语动词haddoneI'dratheryouhadseenthefilmyesterday.我倒想你昨天看过了这场电影。3)与将来事实相反,从句谓语动词did/wereWe'dratheryouwentheretomorrow.我们倒想你明天去那儿5.坚持/命令/建议/要求insist/order,command/advise,suggest,propose/demand,require,request,desire+that从句sb.(should)do注意:suggest/insist后接事实时,不用虚拟。Hesuggestedthatweshouldleaveearly.他建议我们早点动身。Whathesaidsuggestedthathewasacheat.他说的话表明他是个骗子。Iinsistedthathe(should)stay.我坚持要他留下。HeinsistedthatIhadreadhisletter.他坚持说我看过他的信。TheKingorderedthattheman(should)bereleased.国王命令释放那人。HerequiresthatI(should)appear.他要求我出场。6.It’s(about/high)time+that主语did/shoulddo(should不可省略)(早该做某事了)tistimethatIwenttopickupmydaughteratschool.我该去学校接我的女儿了。Itishightimeyoushouldgotowork.你早该上班了。7.It’snecessary/important/strange/natural/impossiblethatsb.(should)do…Doyouthinkitisnecessarythathe(should)notbesenttoBeijing.(should表示“建议”的语气,可省。)Itisstrangethatsuchapersonshouldbeourfriend.(should表示“竟然”的语气,不可省。)奇怪的是这样一个人会成为我们的朋友。8.表示“祝愿”时,常用may+主语+do。Mayyouhaveagoodjourney!祝你一路顺风。Mayyousucceed!祝你成功!巩固练习一:单句填空1.Ifit___________(notbe)fortheheavyrain,we_________________(climb)theMountTaishanyesterday.2.Withoutelectricity,humanlife______________(be)soeasytoday.3.Withouttheairtoholdsomeofthesun’sheat,theearthatnight_________(be)freezingcold,toocoldforustolive.4._______it________(notbe)forthefreetickets,Iwouldnothavegonetothefilmssooften.5.________(be)Iyou,Iwouldn’tspendsomuchmoneyonclothing.6.__________itraintomorrow,wewouldhavetoputoffthevisittotheYangPuBridge.7.Hehesitated(犹豫)beforekickingtheball,otherwis
本文标题:虚拟语气用法学案MicrosoftWord文档
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