2019-2020年高考英语-冲刺讲义一-名词和主谓一致

2019-2020年高考英语冲刺讲义一名词和主谓一致I.名词的种类专有名词普通名词国名地名人名，团体机构名称可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词特别注意名词类别的相互转换个体名词与抽象名词的相互转换例句意义名词性质①Sheheldsomeflowersinherhand.②Thetreesarenowinflower花儿个体名词开花抽象名词①Youthisbeautiful.②Heisayouthoftwenty青春抽象名词年轻人个体名词①Theyhaveachievedremarkablesuccessintheirwork.②—HowabouttheChristmaseveningparty?—Ishouldsayitwasasuccess.成功抽象名词成功的事个体名词物质名词与个体名词的相互转换例句意义名词性质①Ironisakindofmetal.②Pleaselendmeyouriron.铁物质名词熨斗个体名词①Hebrokeapieceofglass.②Hebrokeaglass.玻璃物质名词玻璃杯个体名词①Iboughtachickenthismorning②Pleasehelpyourselftosomechicken小鸡个体名词鸡肉物质名词抽象名词与个体名词的转换具有动作意义的抽象名词加用与某些动词（如：have等）连用，表示某一次短暂的动作①—I’dlike______informationaboutthemanagementofyourhotel,please.—Well,youcouldhave____wordwiththemanager.HemightbehelpfulA.some,aB.an,someC.some,someD.an,a②Theysentuswordofthelatesthappenings.消息（抽象名词）A.aB.anC./D.the③Couldwehavewordbeforeyougotothemeeting?话（个体名词）A.aB.anC./D.the类例：haveadream/arest/asmoke/aswim/atrip/awash/adiscussion/alooktakeawalk/abathmakeanadvance(进步)/makeanearlystart(早点出发)/makeadecision/makeachange/giveacryofpain(发出痛苦的叫声)/giveatry表示知识和时间的抽象名词转换为普通名词时可以用来表示其中的一部分①Manypeopleagreethat___knowledgeofEnglishisamustin____internationaltradetoday.A.a,/B.the,anC.the,theD./,theaknowledgeoftruth(知道实际情况)giveafullerknowledgeofChina(提供关于中国更为翔实的知识)haveaknowledgeofshorthand(有速记的知识)②Iftherewerenoexamination,weshouldhave______atschool.A.thehappiesttimeB.amorehappiertimeC.muchhappiesttimeD.amuchhappiertime③ismoney.A.ThetimeB.AtimeC.TimeD.Times抽象名词转换为普通名词可用来表示“一次、一阵、一种”具体的行为、事件、现象或结果。这时名词前往往有形容词修饰①Oh,John._____yougaveme!A.HowapleasantsurpriseB.HowpleasantsurpriseC.WhatapleasantsurpriseD.Whatpleasantsurprise②ShelookedupwhenIshouted.A.inasurpriseB.inthesurpriseC.insurpriseD.insomesurprise其它例子：Thegiftcameasapletesurprisetome.Wehavehadsomeunpleasantsurprise③Itis_____workofartthateveryonewantstohavealookatit.A.sounusualB.suchunusualC.suchanunusualD.soanunusualII.名词的数规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es（参看有关语法书）。英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，请看下表规则例词1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,goose-geese,mouse-mice2单复数相同sheep,deer,series,means,works,fish,species3只有复数形式ashes,trousers,clothes,thanks,goods,glasses,passes,contents4一些集体名词总是用作复数people,police,cattle,staff5部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）audience,class,family,crowd,couple,group,mittee,government,population,crew,team,public,enemy,party6复数形式表示特别含义customs(海关),forces(军队),times(时代),spirits(情绪),drinks(饮料),sands(沙滩),papers(文件报纸),manners(礼貌),looks(外表),brains(头脑智力),greens(青菜),ruins(废墟)7表示“某国人”加-sAmericans,Australians,Germans,Greeks,Swedes,Europeans单复数同形Swiss,Portuguese,Chinese,Japanese以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-womenEnglishmen,Frenchwomen8合成名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law,lookers-on,passers-by,story-tellers,boyfriends无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups,housewives,stopwatches将两部分变为复数womensingers,menservantsIII.主谓一致规则情况举例语法一致原则以单数名词或代词动词不定式短语，动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；主语为复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。Hisfatherisworkingonthefarm.TostudyEnglishwellisnoteasy.Readinginthesunisbadforyoureyes.Whathesaidisveryimportantforusall.由what引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式，但若表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时，主句的谓语动词用复数形式。whatIboughtwerethreeEnglishbooks.WhatIsayanddois(are)helpfulforyou.由连接词and或both…and连接起来的主语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词。但若所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物时，它后面的谓语就用单数形式。由and连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no,each,every或morethana(an)/one,manya(an)修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。either,neither,each,every或no+单数名词和由some,anyno,every构成的复合不定代词，都作单数看待。.LucyandLilyaretwinsThewriterandartisthase.Everystudentandeveryteachisintheclassroom.Manyaboyandmanyagirllikesit.Noboyandnogirllikesit.Eachofushasanewbook.Iseveryoneheretoday?Somebodyisspeakinginclass.Everythingaroundusismatter若noneof后面的名词是不可数名词，它的谓语动词就要用单数。若它后面的名词是复数，它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。Noneofthesugarwasleft.Noneofushas(have)beentoAmerica.在定语从句里，关系代词that,who,which等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。Thosewhowanttogopleasewritetheirnamesontheblackboard.Heisoneofmyfriendswhoareworkinghard.Heisthe(only)oneofmyfriendswhoisworkinghard.在强调句型中应与被强调部分一致ItisIwhoamgoingtothecinematonight.Itiswewhoaregoingtothecinematonight.如果集体名词指的是整个集体，它的谓语动词用单数形式；如果它指的集体的成员，其谓语动词用复数形式Thepolicearelookingforthelostchild.Thecattleareeatinggrassinthefield.Hisfamilyhasmovedtothesouth.(他的一家)HisfamilyarewatchingTV.（他的家人）Classfourisonthethirdfloor.（四班）ClassFourareunabletoagreeuponamonitor.（四班的学生）由alotof/lotsof/plentyof/aheapof/heapsof/therestof/themajorityof+名词构成的短语以及由分数或百分数+名词构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。Therearealotofpeopleintheclassroom.Three-fourthsofthesurfaceoftheearthissea.50percentofthestudentsinourclassaregirls.此外，还有anumberof+复数名词有类似的用法（用复数），但thenumberof+复数名词的数就得依number而定（用单数）。Anumberofstudentshavegonetothefarmtohelpthefarmerpickapples.Thenumberofpagesinthisbookisthreehundred.在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致Thereesthebus.Onthewallaremanypictures.Suchistheresult.Sucharethefacts.Betweenthetwohillsstandsamonument.逻辑意义一致原则What,who,which,any,more,all等代词可以是单数，也可是复数，主要靠意思来决定。Whichisyourbag?Whichareyourbags?AreanyofyougoodatEnglish?Hasanyofyougotapen?Allcanbedonehasbeendone.Allisgoingwell.Allhavebeentakenout.AllhavegonetoBeijing.表示时间重量长度价值等的名词的复数作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式，这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体。Thirtyminutesisenoughforthework..Twentypoundsistoo