自考英语语言学Chapter_10_Language_Acquisition

1Chapter10LanguageAcquisition语言习得一、本章纲要二、本章重点Languageacquisitionisconcernedwithlanguagedevelopmentinhumans.Ingeneral,languageacquisitionreferstochildren’sdevelopmentoftheirfirstlanguage,thatis,thenativelanguageofthecommunityinwhichachildhasbeenbroughtup.Thedevelopmentofafirstornativelanguage(L1)Chapter10LanguageAcquisition1.Firstlanguageacquisition2.Stagesoffirstlanguageacquisition2.1Theprelinguisticstage3.Thedevelopmentofthegrammaticalsystem4.Secondlanguageacquisition3.1Thedevelopmentofphonology4.1Acquisitionvs.learning4.7Individuallearnerfactors2.4Themultiwordstage2.3Thetwo-wordstage2.2Theone-wordstage1.1Thebiologicalbasisoflanguageacquisition1.2Languageacquisitionastheacquisitionofgrammaticalrules1.3Theroleofinputandinteraction1.4Theroleofinstruction1.5Theroleofcorrectionandreinforcement1.6Theroleofimitation3.4Thedevelopmentofvocabularyandsemantics3.3Thedevelopmentofmorphology3.2Thedevelopmentofsyntax4.6Theroleofformalinstruction4.5Theroleofinput4.4Interlanguageandfossilization4.3ErrorAnalysisandthenaturalrouteofSLAdevelopment4.2Transferandinterference4.7.1Theoptimumageforsecondlanguageacquisition4.7.2Motivation4.7.3Acculturation4.7.4Personality2iscalledfirstlanguageacquisition(FLA),andthensecondlanguageacquisition(SLA).L1andL2developmentdonotseemtoinvolveidenticalprocesses.语言习得关注的是人类语言能力发展。语言习得一般指儿童母语的发展。有些孩子除了习得母语外，还要继续习得第二语言或外国语。习得母语或第一语言称为第一语言习得，除了母语再习得另一门语言或外语称为第二语言习得。Thestudyoflanguageacquisitionenableslinguists,psychologistsandappliedlinguiststobetterunderstandthenatureofhumanlanguageanddevelopmentalprocessesoflanguageacquisition.1.Firstlanguageacquisition第一语言习得Whatevertheirculture,allnormalhumanbeingsacquiretheirnativelanguageatagiventimeoflifeandinanappropriatelinguisticenvironmentthatprovidessufficientlanguageexposure.(2004,2007,判断)Itisanestablishedunderstandingamonglinguiststhatthecapacitytoacquireone’sfirstlanguageisafundamentalhumantraitthatallhumanbeingsareequallywellpossessedwith.Nooneismoresuccessfulthanothersinacquiringafirstlanguage.Childrenfollowasimilaracquisitionscheduleofpredictablestagesalongtherouteoflanguagedevelopmentacrosscultures,thoughthereisanidiosyntacticvariationintheamountoftimethattakesindividualstomasterdifferentaspectsofthegrammar.儿童在习得母语时虽然会有个性差异，但是正常儿童只要有正常的交际环境和正常的母语输入都可以成功地习得母语，他们习得母语的过程也非常相似。1.1Thebiologicalbasisoflanguageacquisition语言习得的生物基础Thisbiological,ornativist天赋,viewoflanguageacquisitionmeansthathumansareequippedwiththeneuralprerequisitesforlanguageandlanguageuse.Ourlanguagefacultypermitsustoacquireanyhumanlanguagetowhichweareexposedto,includingdeafchildrenacquiringasignlanguage.Differentlanguageshaveasimilarlevelofcomplexityanddetails,andreflectgeneralabstractpropertiesofthecommonlinguisticsystemcalledtheUniversalGrammar普遍语法.习得语言的能力是人类的生物特征之一。人生来就有习得语言的神经系统。只要有能力习得某一种语言的儿童就有能力不费力气地习得任何语言。正常儿童语言习得的能力无高低之分；儿童习得的语言也无优劣之别。虽然在习得语言某一特定的内容与习得另一种语言相应的内容看上去似乎有难易之别，但是这并不意味着一门语言作为母语比另一门语言难学。儿童在习得母语时所需要的时间大致是一样的。这在一定的程度上表明人类语言的难度是类似的，反映了普遍语法(universalgrammar)的存在---一种高度抽象的语言共性体系。(2006，判断)AchildborntoChineseorEnglishspeakingfamilytakesaboutthesamenumberofyearstoacquiretheirnativetongue,regardlessoftheirgeneralintelligence.1.2Languageacquisitionastheacquisitionofgrammaticalrules语言习得是语法规则的习得（2007,单选；2008，判断）Languageacquisitionisprimarilytheacquisitionofthegrammaticalsystemoflanguage.Itismisleadingtospeakofchildrenacquiringlanguagesimplyasinternalizingindividualexpressionsoflanguage.Whatareactuallyacquiredbyyoungchildrenaresomegeneralprinciplesthatarefundamentaltothegrammaticalityofspeech.Itisnotedthatwhenproducingutterances,childrentendtoapplygeneralgrammaticalrulesanddefyindividualirregularcases.语言习得是对语法规则系统的习得。首先，没有人的大脑能够储存一个语言中的所有的词与表达。儿童在处理语言时会根据所听到的语言输入构件自己的语法规则，并依据他们所构件的语法规则去说话。如果没有这些生成性的规则，语言使用者是不可能说出和理解无数的他们从没有听过或使用的句子。语言习得主要是句法体系的习得，但是这并不意味着习得一条一条具体的语法条条框框。儿童实际所习得的是一些数量有限的抽象而高度概括的规则，他们会忽视这些规则的例外情况。比如，儿童可能在一个名词后边加-s构成名词的复数，而不管这个名词是否是规则还是不规则的。因此儿童在习得语言中的错误是体系的，也是可预见的。1.3Theroleofinputandinteraction语言输入与交流的作用Childrenmustbeprovidedwithanappropriatelinguisticenvironment.Themodifiedspeechtypicallyaddressedtoyoungchildreniscalled（2006，名词解释）caretakerspeech,alsoknownasbabytalk,mothers-es,orparentese.Exposuretothistypeoflanguagemakesiteasierforchildrentomatchlinguisticformswiththeirmeaningsandforthatreason,theiracquisitionofthevocabularyandstructureofthelanguageismadeeasier.虽然人类习得语言的能力是人类天赋的生物特征，但是这种天赋的条件不是习得语言的充要条件。一个正常的儿童还需要有接触语言和使用语言的环境才能习得语言。如果在孩子出生后前几年，没有接触语言和使用语言的环境，那么孩子习得语言的能力就会受到严重的影响。保姆语(caretakerspeech,babytalk,motherese,parentese)是一种成年人的简化语言形式，通常用于和儿童的交际。研究表明没有接触保姆语的儿童在习得母语的速度上并不一定比接触保姆语的儿童习得母语慢。这意味着保姆语的存在对习得母语并不是必要条件。但是保姆语有助3于儿童建立语言形式与语义的关系，有助于孩子对语言的理解，使得词汇习得和结构习得变得相对容易些。1.4Theroleofinstruction语言教学的作用(2007，填空)Linguistshavefoundthatforthevastmajorityofchildren,languagedevelopmentoccursspontaneouslyandrequireslittleconsciousinstruction有意识教育onthepartofadults.正常儿童在习得母语时并不需要刻意的语言教学的帮助。在自然的环境中，父母很少纠正孩子在交际中所出现的语法错误。即使父母这样去做，他们的努力也是收效甚微。也没有证据表明儿童需要这种形式的知识传授。如：Child:Itakedacookie.Parent:Oh,youmeanyoutookacookie.Child:Yes,that'sright,Itakedit.当然这并不是说语言的教学对儿童语言的发展没有作用，只是作