英汉互译实用教程精简笔记

一翻译概论译者合格条件五条：1.外文水平高2.中文水平高3.知识面广4.政治觉悟较高5.熟悉基本的翻译技巧AbriefintroductiontothehistoryoftranslationinchinaTranslationinchinahasalonghistoryofabouttwothousandyears.Duringthecenturies,quiteanumberofworld-famoustranslatorsinChinaappearedoneafteranotherandtheymadegreatcontributionstoChinaaswellastotheworldinthedevelopmentoftranslation.Seethefollowingfacts:1.TheEasternHan–theNorthernandSouthernDynasties(25—581)ChinainvitedforeignersortheforeignerscametoChinabythemselvestotranslateBuddhistScripture.AmongthemwereAnShigao（AnQing）fromPersia(nowIran),InduDharmarakchaandKumarajivaformIndia.2.TheSuiDynasty(581—618)–theTangDynasty(618—907):GoldenAgeofTranslationinAncientChina.ThreegiantsintranslatingBuddhistScriptureappeared:1)XuanZang(theTangDynasty)2)Kumarajiva(theEasternJinDynasty)鸠摩罗什3)Paramatha(alsocalledGunarata)(N.&S.Dynasties)真谛（波罗末他）3.TheMingDynasty(1368—1644)XuGuangqi(徐光启),aChineseandM.Ricci,(利玛窦)anItaliancotranslatedEuclid’sElements(or:Euclid’sElementorum)4.TheQingDynasty(1644—1911)ThereweregreattranslatorslikeYanFuandLinShuLinShu:1Camille(or:LaDameauxCamelias)(《巴黎茶花女遗事》)2UncleTom’sCabin(《黑奴吁天录》)3DavidCopperfield(《块肉余生述》)YanFu:1EvolutionandEthicsandOtherEssaysbyT.H.Huxley(《天演论》)2AnInquiryIntotheNatureandCauseoftheWealthofNationsbyA.Smith(《原富》)3OnLibertybyJ.S.Mill(《群己权界论》)4AHistoryofPoliticsbyE.Jenks(《社会通诠》)习题1.YanFu’s3-wordtranslationcriteriaarefaithfulness,expressivenessandelegance.（严氏三字真言）2.ThetwowordsusedasthecommoncriteriaoftranslationinChinatodayarefaithfulnessandsmoothness.3.Translationisarepresentationorrecreationinonelanguageofwhatiswrittenorsaidinanotherlanguage,notonlyanartbutalsoascience.(whatismeantbytranslation?)4.KarlMarxwasfondofsaying:“Aforeignlanguageisaweaponinthestruggleoflife.”5.Generallyspeaking,aqualifiedtranslatorshouldhavefiveprerequisites：1agoodcommandofthesourcelanguage,2agoodcommandofthetargetlanguage,3awiderangeandscopeofknowledge,4ahighpoliticalconsciousness,5anecessaryknowledgeofbasictechniquesusedintranslation.6.Tome,thecriteriaoftranslationshouldbethefollowingtwowords:faithfulnessandsmoothness,orevenonlyoneword：faithfulness.(whatdoyouthinkshouldbethecriteriaoftranslation？)（faithfulness更重要）“宁顺而不信。”“宁信而不顺”“itisbettertohaveasmoothversionthanafaithfulone.”“ratherbefaithful(inthought)thansmooth(inlanguage)“保持着原作丰姿”“keepthefullflavoroftheoriginalwork.”直译与意译Literaltranslationandliberal(free)translation二大写，标点符号与英汉互译大写规则1.历史上的时间，时期和文件。2.商品的牌子名称3.星期名、月份、假日4.人名和地名5.标题与书名等专名中的实词与两个音节及其以上的虚词。如《儒林外史》TheScholars6.圣经中关于上帝的名词与代词7.职称、头衔和亲属关系称呼用在人名前头时8.机关、学校、建筑物和商业机构的名称，其中英译中的实词。如：教育部MinistryofEducation9.种族、国籍、语言和宗教方面的词语。10.其他一切有特殊含义的词语，包括一句话或一封信的开头词、诗行的开头词、直接引语的开头词、强调词语等。几种标点符号的例句及其英译：1.认识落后，才能去改变落后；学习先进，才有可能赶超先进。Backwardnessmustbeperceivedbeforeitcanbechanged.Apersonmustlearnfromtheadvancedbeforehecancatchupandsurpassthem.（分号变句号）2.许贞一把抱住秀云，惊异地问道：“你这是怎么啦？”XuZhenhuggedXiuyunandinquiredinastonishment.“What’sthematterwithyou?”（冒号变句号）3.1)······和那墙头上“休谈国事”的招贴，形成一种奇怪的对比和讽刺。...inironicalcontrasttothesignonthewall:“Politicaldiscussionprohibited.”(逗号变冒号)2)王冕看了一回，心里想道“古人说，‘人在画图中’，其实不错。”AsWangMianwatched,hethought,“Theancientssaid,‘Inabeautifulsceneamanfeelsheispartofapicture.’Howtrue!”（加逗号，句号变感叹号）4.“出去！你们全都出去！”秀云发出了命令。“Clearout,allofyou!”Xiuyunordered.（感叹号变逗号）5.“你．想要什么？”他怒吼道。“WhatdoYOUwant?”hegrowled.（着重号变大写）6.爱新觉罗·溥仪Aisin-GiorePuYi约瑟夫·布罗兹·铁托JosipBrozTito7.1）据《大唐西域记》记载，那时龟兹有佛寺一百所，僧尼五千余人。AccordingtohisTravelsintheWesternRegion,Qiuciboastedofmorethan100Buddhisttemplesand5000nunsandmonks.2)《故乡》是《鲁迅短篇小说选》一书中最优秀的篇目之一。“MyOldHome”isoneofthebeststoriesinthebookSelectedStoriesofLuXun.（文章、诗、短篇书名号变引号，书名的书名号变斜体）8.司马相如者，汉蜀郡成都人也，字长卿。SimaXiangru,anativeofChengduinShucountry,isalternativelynamedChangqing.（下划线去掉）9.不管我在那里，我还是拿北京作我的小说背景，因为闭上眼睛想起的北京，是要比睁着眼看见的地方，更亲切、更真实、更有感情的，这是真话。NomatterwhereIwas,IshouldliketowritemynovelwithBeijingasitsbackground.Forinmymind’seye,Beijingappearstomemoreintimate,moretangibleandmoreaffectionatethananyotherplaceIactuallysee.Thatisaplainfact.（顿号变逗号）10.1）于是我自己解释说：故乡本也是如此，——虽然没有进步，也未必有如我所感的悲凉。ThenIrationalizedthemattertomyself,saying,Homewasalwayslikethis,andalthoughithasnotimproved,stillitisnotsodepressingasIimagined.2）消息传到聂荣臻将军那里时，他让人把这两个日本小女孩接到前线司令部接待所——滹沱河畔一座小山庄里的一幢农庄。WhenGeneralNieRongzhenlearnedaboutthegirlshehadthembroughttoacottageinamountainhamletbythesideoftheHutuoRiver,theguesthouseofthefrontlinecommandheadquarters.（破折号有时可译成句号或逗号）英、汉标点对照1.period(.)句号（。）2.comma(,)逗号（，）3.colon(:)冒号（：）4.semicolon(;)分号（；）5.dash(-)破折号（——）6.questionmark(?)问号（？）7.quotationmark(“”or‘’)引号（“”或‘’）8.exclamation(!)感叹号（！）9.ellipsis(...)省略号（······）10.parentheses(())括号（园）（（））11.brackets([])括号（方）（【】）12.underliningRainbow书名号（手稿）（Rainbow或《虹》）13.italicsRainbow书名号（印刷）（Rainbow或《虹》）14.hyphen(-)(co-operate)（无对应的标点符号）15.virgule(/)(he/she)（斜线号，一般汉译为“或”）16.apostrophe(’)(Mike’s)(一般译为“···的”)标点特别情况(,)(you,heandI)顿号（你、我和他）Apostrophe的译法1省字母号（I’m=Iam）2省音号(electric’lectric)3副数符号(manyM.P.’s)4所有格符号(boy’sbook)习题1.琼斯一家的汽车theJoneses’car2.我几位嫂子的信mysisters-in-law’sletters3.我表兄弟们的房子mycousins’houses4.基辛格和尼克松的计划KissingerandNixon’sletters5.尼克松和罗杰斯各自