英语专业本科毕业论文引文及参考文献格式规范

西南大学外国语学院英语专业本科毕业论文引文及参考文献格式规范I.IntroductionAcademicwritingmayuseAmericanPsychologicalAssociation(APA)Style,ModernLanguageAssociation(MLA)Style,theChicagoStyle,andsoon.ButAPAandMLAaretwocommonlyusedones.Bothcanbefoundin“stylemanuals”bearingtheirnames，forexample,APA’sPublicationManualoftheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation(2001)andMLA’sMLAHandbookforWritersofResearchPapers(1999).Thechoiceastowhichstyleisappropriateforagivenpapermaybedeterminedbythreefactors:therequirementsoftheparticularcourse,thestandardforthedisciplineinwhichyouarestudying,oryourindividualpreference.Asafewayistoconsiderwhichstylewillbemostappropriateforyourareaofspecialization.Ifyouarepursuingamajorinthehumanities,considerlearningtheMLAstyle.Ifbehavioralorsocialsciencesarelikelytobeyourinterest,thentheAPAstylemaybemostappropriate.Generally,humanitiesdisciplinesmayincludeliterary,philosophical,cultural,historical,translationstudies,andthelike.Socialsciencesmayincludeappliedlinguistics,psycholinguistics,foreignlanguageteaching,secondlanguageacquisitionstudies,andthelike,whicharemostlyempiricalstudiesinvolvingstatisticanalyses.II.APAforAcademicWriting:Essentials1.TextcitationsSourcematerialmustbedocumentedinthebodyofthepaperbycitingtheauthor(s)anddate(s)ofthesources.Thereadercanobtainthefullsourcecitationfromthelistofreferencesthatfollowsthebodyofthepaper.A.Whenthenamesoftheauthorsofasourcearepartoftheformalstructureofthesentence,theyearofpublicationappearsinparenthesesfollowingtheidentificationoftheauthors.Theword“and”isusedbeforethelastauthorwhenmultipleauthorsareidentifiedaspartoftheformalstructureofthesentence.Commasareonlyusedtoseparatethenamesofthreeormore(butnottwo)authorsforasource,forexample,WirthandMitchell(1994)foundthat....B.Whentheauthorsofasourcearenotpartoftheformalstructureofthesentence,boththeauthorsandyearsofpublicationappearinparentheses.Theampersand&isusedbeforethelastauthorwhenmultipleauthorsforasourceareidentifiedandcommasareonlyusedtoseparatethenamesofthreeormore(butnottwo)authorsforasource.Andwhenmorethantwosourcesarecitedparenthetically,theyareorderedalphabeticallybyfirstauthors'surnamesandseparatedandjoinedbysemicolonsintheparentheses,forexample,Reviewsofresearchonreligionandhealthhaveconcludedthatatleastsometypesofreligiousbehaviorsarerelatedtohigherlevelsofphysicalandmentalhealth(Gartner,Larson,&Allen,1991;Koenig,1990;Levin&Vanderpool,1991;Maton&Pargament,1987;Paloma&Pendleton,1991;Payne,Bergin,Bielema,&Jenkins,1991).C.Ifpublicationsbytwoormoreprimaryauthorswiththesamesurnamearecited,includethefirstauthors’initialsinalltextcitations,evenifthepublicationdatesdiffer,forexample,R.D.Luce(1959)andP.A.Luce(1986)alsofound…..J.M.GoldbergandNeff(1961)andM.E.GoldbergandWurtz(1972)studied……D.Identifyworksbythesameauthor(orbythesametwoormoreauthorsinthesameorder)withthesamepublicationdatebythesuffixesa,b,c,andsoforthaftertheyear;repeattheyear;separatetheyear-plus-suffixeswithcommas,forexample,Severalstudies(Johnson,1991a,1991b,1991c;Singh,1983,inpress-a,inpress-b)indicatedthat....E.Amajorcitationisseparatedfromothercitationswithinparenthesesbythephrase“seealso”usedafterasemicolonandbeforethefirstoftheremainingcitations,whicharearrangedinalphabeticalorder,forexample,(Minor,2001;seealsoAdams,1999;Storandt,1997)F.Everyeffortshouldbemadetociteonlysourcesthatyouhaveactuallyread.Whenitisnecessarytociteasourcethatyouhavenotread(“Grayson”inthefollowingexample)butiscitedinasourcethatyouhaveread(“Murzynski&Degelman”inthefollowingexample),usethefollowingformatforthetextcitationandlistonlythesourceyouhavereadintheReferenceslist,forexample,Grayson(ascitedinMurzynski&Degelman,1996)suggested…G.Whenasourcehastwoauthors,bothauthorsareincludedeverytimethesourceiscited.H.Whenasourcehasthree,four,orfiveauthors,citeallauthorsthefirsttimethesourceiscited;insubsequentcitations,includeonlythefirstauthor'ssurnameand“etal.”andtheyearifitisthefirstcitationofthereferencewithinaparagraph,forexample,Payne,Bergin,Bielema,andJenkins(1991)showedthat…[Useasfirstcitationintext.]Payneetal.(1991)showedthat...[Useassubsequentfirstcitationperparagraphthereafter.]Payneetal.showedthat…[Omityearfromsubsequentcitationsafterfirstcitationwithinaparagraph.]I.Whenasourcehassixormoreauthors,citeonlythefirstauthor'ssurnamefollowedby“etal.”andtheyearforthefirstandsubsequentcitations.J.Iftworeferenceswiththesameyearshortentothesameform,citethesurnamesofthefirstauthorsandofasmanyofthesubsequentauthorsasnecessarytodistinguishthetworeferences,followedbyacommaand“etal.”,forexample,Bradley,Ramirez,andSoo(1994)andBradley,Soo,etal.(1994)Kosslyn,Koenig,Barrett,etal.(1996)andKosslyn,Koenig,Gabrieli,etal.(1996)K.IftheEnglishtranslationofanon-Englishworkisusedasthesource,citetheoriginalpublicationdateandthedateofthetranslation,forexample,Laplace(1814/1951)…L.Tociteapersonalcommunication(includingletters,emails,andtelephoneinterviews),includeinitials,surname,andasexactadateaspossible.Asapersonalcommunicationisnot“recoverable”information,itisnotincludedintheReferencessection,forexample,B.F.S