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从句是相对于主句而言的,即它是从属于某一个主句,而不能单独作一个句子。在英语中,主要有三大从句,即名词性从句(包括主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语从句)、形容词性从句(即定语从句)、副词性从句(即状语从句,包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等)。主语从句用作主语,如:Thattheearthisroundistrue.地球为圆的是真实的。宾语从句用作宾语。如:Doyouknowwherehelives?表语从句用作表语,如:Myopinionisthatyoushouldnotgoalone.我的意见是你不应单独前往。同位语从句用于解释说明前面的名词。如:Thefactthattheearthisroundistrue.地球是圆的的事实是真实的。(that从句用于解释说明thefact)定语从句相当于一个形容词,用于修饰前面的名词。如:ThestudentwhoansweredthequestionwasJohn.回答问题的学生是John.状语从句相当于一个副词,如:Whenitrains,Iusuallygotoschoolbybus.天下雨时,我通常坐公共汽车上学。(时间状语)Ifhecomestomorrow,youwillseehim.如果他明天来,你就可以看见他。(if引导的条件状语从句,其结构为:if+状语从句,+主句)。要注意在状语从句中有一个规则是“主将从现”,即主句是将来时,则从句要用一般现在时表示将来。主句和从句的划分方法是相同的。句子的成分从谓语动词处来划分比较容易。谓语动词前面的部分是主语,后面常接宾语,修饰谓语动词的是状语,修饰主语、宾语的是定语,若谓语是系动词,则系动词后的部分是表语。如:Iamateacher.其中,I是主语,am是谓语,ateacher是表语。Helikesplayingfootballverymucy.其中,he是主语,likes是谓语,playingfootball是宾语,verymuch是状语。根据英语从句在句子中的句法作用,从句可分为三类:名词性从句,形容词性从句和副词性从句。通过对引导从句的各种引导词进行观察,我们不难发现,有的从句可以直接从引导词的形式和意义上来区分。如:Thoughtheoldmanisoverseventy,hestillseeswellandhearswell.我们一读此句,就可以认定,由Though引导的从句是一个让步状语从句。因为though只能引导让步状语从句,不能引导其它从句,但是有些引导词却能引导多种从句。如引导词when:既可以引导时间状语从句又可以引导定语从句,还可以引导名词性从句。此外,象that,where等,三类从句均可引导;who既可引导定语从句,又可引导名词性从句;sothat即可引导目的状语从句,又可引导结果状语从句……因此,这些形同义不同的引导词给我们理解、掌握、运用各种从句带来了很大困难。另外,搞不清楚从句在句子中所起的作用,就不能正确理解原文。那么,怎样正确区分各种形同义不同的引导词引导的从句呢?1、分析句子结构以区虽从句的种类遇到一个复合句,首先要分析其句子结构,看从句在整个句子中起什么作用,那么它就是什么从句。2、分析引导词的句法作用以区别从句的种类that这个词即是引导同位语从句,又可引导定语从句,这种两种从句从形式和结构上看特别相似,如何区分呢?区分that引导的是同位语从句还是定语从句的方法是,看that在从句中是否充当句子成分,若that在从句中不充当任何成分,则为同位语从句;若that在从句中充当主语或宾语,则为定语从句。3、根据被修饰词来判断从句的种类定语从句常常修饰一些具有实际意义的名词,如:thefilm;thestudent;thebook;ahouse等等。而同位语从句常常修饰一些表示抽象概念的名词,如fact、idea、promise、truth等,用来说明这些名词所表示的具体内容。状语从句在句子中常用来修饰谓语动词。4、根据从句前词的词性来判断从句的种类宾语从句分两种:动词的宾语从句、介词的宾语从句。宾语从句前肯定是动词或介词。定语从句是用来修饰名词或代词的,所以其前一定是一个名词或代词。5、根据上下文意义和结构形式上区分从句的种类如sothat即可引导目的状语从句,又可引导结果状语从句,如何区分呢?主要从以下两点来区分。①根据上下文意义判断。“以便……”表示目的,是目的状语从句,“以致于……”,“结果……”表示结果,是结果状语从句。②从结构形式上来分辨。sothat前有逗号,为结果状语从句,反之,则为目的状语从句。有时,sothat前无逗号,这里要看从句中有无can、could、may、might、will、would、should等情态动词,如果有,则多是目的状语从句,若没有,则多是结果状语从句。SUBORDINATECLAUSESAclauseisoftendefinedasagroupofrelatedwordsthatcontainsbothasubjectandapredicate.Likeaphrase,asubordinate(ordependent)clauseisnotasentence.Thesubordinateclausefunctionsasasinglepartofspeech--asanoun,anadjective,oranadverb.Noticetherelationshipofthesentencesbelowtotheclausesthatfollow.SENTENCESThatfactImustadmit.Ralphwasmyfirstandonlyblinddate.Imarriedhim.SUBORDINATECLAUSESINSENTENCESImustadmitthatRalphwasmyfirstandonlyblinddate.(Nounclause--directobject)ThefirstblinddatethatIeverhadwasRalph.(Adjectiveclause)RalphwasmyfirstandonlyblinddatebecauseImarriedhim.(Adverbclause)Intheexamplesabove,thatandbecauseareusedassubordinators:theysubordinatetheclausestheyintroduce,makingtheseclausesdependent.Thefollowingwordsarecommonlyusedtomarksubordinateclauses.RELATIVEPRONOUNSthat,what,which,who,whoever,whom,whomever,whoseSUBORDINATINGCONJUNCTIONSafter,although,as,because,before,if,once,since,that,though,till,unless,until,when,whenever,where,wherever,whileSubordinatorsmayconsistofmorethanoneword:asif,assoonas,asthough,eventhough,inorderthat,inthat,nomatterhow,sothatnomatterhowhardItry,Icannotfloatwithmytoesoutofthewater.Weboughtthreedozendoughnutssothateveryonewouldbesuretohaveenough.SUBORDINATECLAUSESUSEDASNOUNSNOUNSNOUNCLAUSESThenewsmaybefalse.Whatthenewspaperssaymaybefalse.(Subject)Idonotknowhisaddress.Idonotknowwherehelives.(DirectObject)GivethetoolstoRita.Givethetoolstowhoevercanusethembest.(Objectofapreposition)Thatfact--Karen'sprotest--ThefactthatKarenprotestedamazedme.amazedme.(Appositive)Theconjunctionthatbeforeanounclausemaybeomittedinsomesentences:Iknowsheisright.(CompareIknowthatsheisright.)SUBORDINATECLAUSESUSEDASMODIFIERSTwotypesofsubordinateclauses,theadjectiveclauseandtheadverbclause,areusedasmodifiers.Adjectiveclauses:Anyclausethatmodifiesanounorapronounisanadjectiveclause.Adjectiveclauses,whichnearlyalwaysfollowthewordsmodified,aremostfrequentlyintroducedbyrelativepronounbutmaybeginwithsuchwordsaswhen,where,orwhy.ADJECTIVESADJECTIVECLAUSESEveryoneneedsloyalfriends.Everyoneneedsfriendswhoareloyal.ThegoldenwindowreflectsThewindow,whichshineslikethesun.gold,reflectsthesun.PeacefulcountrysidesnoCountrysideswhereIfoundlongerexist.peaceofmindnolongerexist.Ifitisnotusedasasubject,therelativepronouninanadjectiveclausemaysometimesbeomitted:HeisamanIadmire.(CompareHeisamanwhomIadmire.)Adverbclauses:Anadverbclausemaymodifyaverb,anadjective,anadverb,aninfinitive,agerund,aparticiple,oreventherestofthesentenceinwhichitappears.Manyadverbclausescantakevariouspositionsinasentence.Adverbclausesareordinarilyintroducedbysubordinatingconjunctions.ADVERBSADVERBCLAUSESSoonthelightswentout.Whenthewindstormhit,thelightswentout.NoalcoholicbeveragesareNoalcoholicbeveragesaresoldlocally.soldwhereIlive.Speakdistinctly.Speaksothatyoucanbeunderstood.Someadverbclausesmaybeelliptical.IfIcansaveenoughmoney,I'llgotoAlaskanextsummer.Ifnot,I'lltakeatriptoSt.Louis.(Omittedwordsareclearlyimplied.)Dependent(subordinate)clausescanbeadverbclauses,no
本文标题:英语中的从句解析
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