考博英语阅读资料

1考博英语阅读资料UnitOnePassage1Thephysicaldistributionofproductshastwoprimaryaspects:transportationandstorage.Bothaspectsarehighlydevelopedandspecializedphasesofmarketing.Thecostsofbothtrans-portingandstoringarebuiltintothepricesofproducts.Transportationcanbebytruck,rail-way,ship,orbarge.Forsomeitems,suchasexoticplantsandflowers,orwhenrapiddeliveryisessential,airfreightmaybeused.Storage,orwarehousing,isanecessaryfunctionbecauseproductionandconsumptionofgoodsrarelymatch:itemsgenerallyarenotsoldasquicklyastheyaremade.Inventoriesbuildup,bothinwarehousesandatretailestablishments,beforethefoodsaresold.Thetransporta-tionfunctionisinvolvedinbringinggoodstoawarehouseandtakingthemfromittoretailstores.Storageperformstheserviceofstabilizingmarketprice.If,forexample,noagriculturalproductcouldbestored,allfoodwouldhavetobeputonthemarketimmediately.Thiswould,ofcourse,createaglutandlowerpricesdrastically.Therewouldbeanimmediatebenefittoconsumers,butinthelongruntheywouldsuffer.Farmers,becauseoflowprices,wouldbeforcedofftheland,andtheamountoffoodproducedwoulddecrease.This,inturn,wouldraiseconsumerprices.Warehousesforstorageareofseveraltypes.Privatewarehousesareownedbymanufactur-ers.Publicwarehouses,inspiteoftheirname,areprivatelyownedfacilities,buttheyarein-dependentofmanufacturerownership.General-merchandisewarehousesstoreagreatvarietyofproducts.Cold-storagewarehousesstoreperishablegoods,especiallyfoodproducts.Grainele-vatorsareakindofwarehouseusedtokeepwheatandothergrainsfromspoiling.Abondedwarehouseisonethatstoresfoods,frequentlyimported,onwhichtaxesmustbepaidbeforetheyaresold.Cigarettesandalcoholicbeveragesarecommonexamples.Thedistributioncenterisamorerecentlydevelopedkindofwarehouse.Manylargecom-panicshaveseveralmanufacturingplants,sometimeslocatedoutsidethecountry.Eachplantdoesnotmakeeverycompanyproductbutspecializesinoneormoreofthem.Thedistributioncenterallowsamanufacturertobringtogetherallproductlinesinoneplace.Itspurposeistominimizestorageandtoeasetheflowofgoodsfrommanufacturerstoretailersratherthanbuildupextensiveinventories.Itreducescostsbyspeedingupproductturnover.Verylargecorporationswillhaveseveraldistributioncentersregionallyorinternationallybased1.Themainsubjectofthispassageis______.A)transportationandstorageB)storageofproductsC)distributioncenterD)twomainaspectsofproductdistribution2.Warehousingisimportantinthat_A)inventoriesbuildupbeforethegoodsaresoldB)thepriceswillgodownC)moregoodsareproducedthancanbeconsumedD)thefoodhastobeputonthemarketimmediately3.Howmanytypesofwarehousesforstoragearediscussedinthepassage?2A)3.B)4.C)6.D)7.4.Wheremightonefindmeatandmilk?A)Grainelevator.B)Cold-storagewarehouse.C)Privatewarehouse.D)Bondedwarehouse.5.WhatisNOTtrueofadistributioncenter?A)Itisarelativelynewtypeofwarehouse.B)Productisreplacedmorequicklyandcostsaredown.C)SomedistributioncentersarenotbuiltinthesanecountryasthefactoryD)Itbuildsupextensiveinventoriestominimizestorage.Passage2Howmuchpaindoanimalsfeel?Thisisaquestionwhichhascausedendlesscontroversy.Opponentsofbiggameshooting,forexample,arouseourpitybydescribingtileagoniesofabadly-woundedbeastthathascrawledintoacomertodie.Incountrieswherethefox,thehareandthedeerarehunted,animal-loverspaintharrowingpicturesofthepursuedanimalsufferingnotonlythephysicaldistressofthechasebutthementalanguishofanticipateddeath.Theusualanswertothesecriticismsisthatanimalsdonotsufferinthesameway,ortothesameextent,aswede.Manwascreatedwithadelicatenervoussystemandhasneverlosthisacutesensitivenesstopain;animals,ontheotherhand,hadlesssensitivesystemstobeginwithandinthecourseofmillionsofyears,havedevelopedacapacityofignoringinjuriesanddisorderswhichhumanbeingswouldfindintolerable.Forexample,adogwillcontinuetoplaywithaballevenafteraseriousinjurytohisfoot;hemaybeunabletorunwithoutlimping,buthewillgoontryinglongafterahumanchildwouldhavehadtostopbecauseofthepain.Wearetold,moreover,thatevenwhenanimalsappeartoustobesufferingacutely,thisisnotso;whatseemstoustobeagonizedcontortionscausedbypainareinfactnomorethanmuscularcontractionsoverwhichtheyhavenocontrol.Theseargumentsareunsatisfactorybecausesomethingaboutwhichweknowagreatdealisbeingcomparedwithsomethingwecanonlyconjecture.Weknowwhatwefeel;wehavenomeansofknowingwhatanimalsfeet.Somecreatureswithalessdelicatenervoussystemthanoursmaybeincapableoffeelingpaintothesameextentaswedo:thatasfarasweareentitledtodo,themosthumaneattitude,surely,istoassumethatnoanimalsareentirelyexemptfromphysicalpainandthatweought,therefore,whereverpossible,toavoidcausingsufferingeventotheleastofthem.6.Animal-loversassumethatanimals,beinghunted,wouldsufferfrom____.A)agreatdealofagonybothinbodyandinspiritB)mentaldistressoncetheyarewoundedC)onlybodypainswithoutfeelingsadD)crawlingintothecomertodie7.Supportersofgameshootingmayarguethatanimals______.A)cannotcontroltheirmuscularcontractionsB)havedevelopedacapacityoffeelingnopainC)arenotasacutelysensitiveashumanbeingstoinjuries3D)canendureallkindsofdisorders8.Theauthorfeelssurethat_____.A)animalsdon'tshowsufferingtousB)dogsaremoreendurabletha