知识讲解-高考总复习句子成分及基本类型

高考总复习：句子成分及基本类型真题再现1.Weliveinanage______moreinformationisavailablewithgreatereasethaneverbefore.A.whyB.whenC.towhomD.onwhich2.Aftertheflooding,peopleweresufferinginthatarea,_______urgentlyneededcleanwater,medicineandsheltertosurvive.A.whichB.whoC.whereD.what3.Asmanyfivecoursesareprovided,andyouarefreetochoose______suitsyoubest.AwhateverB.whicheverC.wheneverD.wherever4.Itisbynomeansclearthepresidentcandotoendthestrike.A.howB.whichC.thatD.what5.Thereislittledoubtinyourmindthatheisinnocent,_______________?A.isthereB.isn'tthereC.isheD.isn'the6.Beforeyouquityourjob,______howyourfamilywouldfeelaboutyourdecision.A.considerB.consideringC.toconsiderD.considered答案与解析：1.B。分析从句成分，“主系表”结构完整，when只能代替先行词(at)anage在从句中做时间状语，修饰先行词anage（时代）。此处的when=atwhich。2.B。在非限制性定语从句中缺主语，只能用关系代词who代替先行词people在从句中作主语。3.B。所填词引导的从句做动词choose的宾语，引导词在从句中做主语，意思是“无论哪件”，选B。C、D选项只能在句中作状语，题干中已有“fivecourses”，排除A项。4.D。此处it是形式主语，what引导的是主语从句，作真正的主语。What作do的宾语。句意：总统采取什么行动结束这次罢工一点也不清楚。5.A。根据前面therebe句里含有否定意义的词little，所以反意疑问句用肯定形式，其主谓应与陈述部分的主谓保持一致，故选A项。6.A。结合选项来分析句子结构，逗号前为时间状语从句，后面实际上是一个祈使句，缺少谓语。由此可知，A选项符合题意。知识讲解句子成分的定义构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。主语表示句子所要说明或描述的人或事物，一般由名词、代词或相当于名词的词组或句子充当，置于句首。Wallshaveears.隔墙有耳。（名词做主语）Hewilltakeyoutothehospital.他会带你去医院。（代词做主语）Threeplusfourisseven.三加四等于七。（数词做主语）Toseeistobelieve.眼见为实。（动词不定式做主语）Smokingisnotallowedinpublicplaces.公共场所不允许吸烟。（动名词做主语）Whetherornottheywillcomedependsontheweather.他们来不来取决于天气。（从句做主语）谓语说明或描述主语的动作、状态或特征，由动词或动词短语充当，位于主语之后。Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.Theplanetookoffatteno’clock.复合谓语：由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.Hehascaughtabadcold.由系动词加表语构成。Wearestudents.注意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。表语表示主语的身份、性质、状态和特征，一般由名词、形容词、或相当于名词、形容词的词、短语或句子充当，位于连系动词之后，与连系动词一起构成句子的谓语。OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.（名词）Isityours?（代词）Theweatherhasturnedcold.（形容词）Thespeechisexciting.（分词）Threetimessevenistwenty-one?（数词）HisjobistoteachEnglish.（不定式）Hishobbyisplayingfootball.（动名词）Themeetingisofgreatimportance.（介词短语）Timeisup.Theclassisover.（副词）Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.（表语从句）注意：系动词用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be一词。Heisateacher.持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep,rest,remain,stay,lie,stand.Healwayskeptsilentatmeeting.表像系动词用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有seem,appear,look.Heseems(tobe)verysad.感官系动词主要有feel,smell,sound,tasteThiskindofclothfeelsverysoft.变化系动词表示主语变成什么样，主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,runTherumorprovedfalse.Hisplanturnedoutasuccess.宾语宾语表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。Shecoveredherfacewithherhands.她用双手蒙住脸。（名词短语作宾语）Wehaven'tseenherforalongtime.我们好长时间没看到她了。（代词作宾语）Doyoumindopeningthewindow?打开窗户你介意吗？（动名词短语作宾语）Givemefourplease.请给我四个。（数词作宾语）Hewantstodreamanicedream.他想做一个好梦。（动词不定式短语作宾语）Weneedtoknowwhatothersaredoing.我们需要了解其他人都在干什么。（从句作宾语）IlivedinJapanin1986.我1986年住在日本。（名词和数词作介词的宾语）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）Lendmeyourdictionary,please.后接to的有：write,tell,pass,give,send,promise,show,hand,read,tell,bring,throw等。HesentthenoveltoWilliamyesterday.后接for的有：leave,buy,build,choose,cook,draw,find,get,order,post,save等。Sheboughtagiftforhermother.下列动词只能接不定式做宾语：ask,agree,care,choose,demand,dare,decide,expect,fail,help,hope,learn,manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,want,wish,desire等。下列动词只能接动名词做宾语：admit,avoid,advise,consider,enjoy,excuse,escape,finish,imagine,mind,practise,suggest等。下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词做宾语，但意义不同：stop,mean,try,remember,forget,regret等。宾语补足语用来对宾语进行补充和说明，一般由名词、非谓语动词、形容词等充当。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：“某些及物动词（如make等)+宾语+宾补）”。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语，what从句作宾补相当于名词。HisfathernamedhimDongming.（名词）Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.（形容词）Letthefreshairin.（副词）Youmustn’tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.（不定式短语）Wesawherenteringtheroom.（分词短语）Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.（介词短语）Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.（what从句）定语对名词或代词进行修饰、限制或说明，一般由形容词、名词、代词、数词、介词短语、非谓语动词及句子等充当，位置可在所修饰的词之前，也可在所修饰的词之后。Theyarewomenworkers.（名词作定语）Tom'sfatherdidn'twritehomeuntilyesterday.（所有格名词作定语）Equalpayforequalworkshouldbeintroduced.（形容词作定语）Theplayhasthreeacts.（数词作定语）ThisisherfirsttriptoEurope.（代词、数词和介词短语作定语）Chinaisadevelopingcountry.（现在分词作定语）Youhaven'tkeptyourpromisetowriteusoften.（动词不定式短语作定语）Mycathasagoodnoseformilk.（介词短语作定语）ThosewhowanttogotoTibetaretosigntheirnameshere.（从句作定语）状语用于修饰动词、形容词、副词、短语或整个句子等，一般由副词、介词短语、非谓语动词短语或句子充当。Theseproductsaresellingquickly.（副词作状语）Heiskneedeepinsnow.（名词作状语）Thebestfishswimnearthebottom.（介词短语作地点状语）Shesattheredoingnothing.（现在分词短语作伴随状语）We'llsendacarovertofetchyou.（动词不定式短语作目的状语）Shewasslowtomakeuphermind.（动词不定式短语作状语）Strikewhiletheironishot.（从句作时间状语）位置：修饰动词时，通常放在所修饰的动词之后或句末。Thegirlsaresinginghappily.Herunsfast.为了强调可放句首。Overtheriverthereisanewbridge.WhenIcame,theyweredoingtheirhomework.Infrontofthebuilding,thereisabigtree.Sometimes,often,always,usually,ever）,already,also,even,almost,never，hardly,seldom...一般放在助动词(am,is,are,was,were;do,does,did;have,has;shall,will;should,would)及他们的否定式、情态动词之后，其他动词之前。Heisoftenlateforclass.Hehasneverbeenthere.Hedoesn’talwaysfinishhishomework.Healsoknowstheanswer.Heevenwantstodoithimself.同位语若两个语法单位指同一个人或事物，并且，句法功能也一样，那么，后一项称为前一项的同位语。ThisisMr.Zhou,ourheadmaster.插入语与句子其他成分没有通常的语法关系，如插入语、感叹语、呼语等