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第六章被动与主动(Passivevs.Active)被动语态在英语里是一种常见的语法现象。在某些文体中,使用被动句几乎成了一种表达习惯(passivehabit)。S.Baker在“ThePracticalStylist”一书中指出:“Ourmassed,scientific,andbureaucraticsocietyissoaddictedtothepassivevoicethatyoumustconstantlyalertyourselfagainstitsdrowsy,impersonalpomp.’’被动句促成了物称倾向,物称倾向也滋长了被动句。英语常用被动句,主要有以下几方面的原因:一、施事的原因。人们表达思想的时候,通常使用主动句。但当主动句的施事(agent)由于以下的原因而不需要或不可能指明时,英语往往采用被动句:1.施事未知而难以言明,如:Themurdererwascaughtyesterday,anditissaidthathewillbehanged.凶手已于昨天被捕,据说他将会被绞死。2.施事从上下文中可以不言自明,如:Shetoldmethathermasterhaddismissedher.Noreasonhadbeenassigned;noobjectionhadbeenmadetoherconduct.Shehadbeenforbiddentoappealtohermistress.她告诉我,她的男主人已解雇了她。男主人没有讲明任何理由,对她的行为没有任何异议,也不许她向女主人申诉。3.施事不如受事重要,或受事需要强调,如:Heronlysonwasrunoverbyacar.她的独子被汽车轧了。有时为了隐去含糊的人称主语(vaguepronounsubject),也用被动句:Attheteapartytheyservedonlyteaandcake.Attheteapartyonlyteaandcakewereserved.茶会上只供应茶和饼。4.由于特殊的原因而不要指明施事,如为了使叙述显得圆通、得体,或为了表达某种微妙的情绪(tactordelicacyofsentiment),例如:Somethingshavebeensaidheretonightthatoughtnottohavebeenspoken.今晚有人在此讲了些不该讲的话。二、句法的要求。英语重形合,注重句法结构和表达形式。当主动式不便于表达时,出于造句的需要或修辞的考虑,往往采用被动式:1.为了使句子承上启下、前后连贯、便于衔接,如:Somekindsofplasticscanbeforcedthroughmachineswhichseparatethemintolong,thinstrings,called“fibres”,andthesefibrescanbemadeintocloth.有几种塑料可以压入机器并分离成细长的纤维,这种纤维可以用来织布。2.为了使句子平衡,保持末端中心(endfocus)和末端重量(endweight),以符合主语简短、谓语复杂的表达习惯,如:1wasastoundedthathewaspreparedtogivemeajob.他准备给我一份工作,这使我大吃一惊。三、修辞的考虑。英语修辞学主张不要过分使用被动句,但适当使用被动句可以使表达方法灵活多变,避免句型单调,达到一定的修辞效果。例如使用被动式可以减少以填补词“it”、“there”引导的句式,使句子比较干脆、有力。试比较:TherearemanywaystovarythebasicEnglishsentencepatternofsubject—verb—object.有许多方法可以变换英语“主一动一宾”基本句型。ThebasicEnglishsentencepatternofsubject—vetb—objectcanbevariedinmanyways.英语“主一动一宾”基本句型可以用许多方法加以变换。四、文体的需要。某些文体较多使用被动句,以迎合其表达的需要。R.Quirk等人指出:Thereisanotabledifferenceinthefrequencywithwhichtheactiveandpassivevoicesareused.Theactiveisgenerallythemorecommon,butthereisconsiderablevariationamongindividualtexts.Thepassivehasbeenfoundtobeasmuchastentimesmorefrequentinonetextanother.ThemajorstylisticfactordeterminingitsfrequencyseemstoberelatedtothedistinctionbetweeninformativeandimaginativeproseratherthantoadifferenceofsubjectmatterorofspokenandwrittenEnglish.Thepassiveisgenerallymorecommonlyusedininformativethaninimaginativewriting,notablyintheobjective,non-personalstyleofscientificarticlesandnewsitems.这类信息性的(informative)文体主要指科技文体、新闻文体、公文文体及论述文体。科技论文注重事理和活动的客观叙述(impersonalactivityseenobjectively),力戒作者的主观臆断,因而常常避免提及施事。J.Perlmutter指出,“It’straditionalamongtechnicalwriterstokeepthemselvesinthebackground.toexcludepersonalpronounsandemphasizetheirworkinstead.”新闻报道注重口气客观、间接,叙事翔实、冷静(calmfact—teller),施事往往难以言明,也不宜言明。公文则注重叙述公正、无私,口气客观、正式。R.Ahick对此曾作如下解释:Thepassivevoiceallowsonetoexpressideaswithoutattributingthemtoaspecificindividualsource.Thatiswhyitissowidelyusedingovernmentcommunications,inwhichdecisionsandopinionsarepresumedtobethoseofthebureauoragencyasawholeandnotofindividualofficials.Butlegitimateusecaneasilyturnintoabuse.Whiletheconventionbywhichgovernmentaledictscomefromanimpersonalentitycanbedefended,theindiscriminateuseofthepassiveasagrammaticalcamouflagecanalsobeasignofmoralweakness.Anyonewhodoesnotwishtoassumepersonalresponsibilityforhisstatementsfindsan“out”bywriting“itisdirectedthat”insteadof“Idirectthat,”or“itistheopinionofthefirm”insteadof“Ithink”.Theweakpassiveisusedinnewspaperwritingforthesamereasonforwhichitisusedingovernmentalcorrespondence:toachievetheimpersonalnote,andthus,inmanyinstances。todisclaimdirectresponsibilityforstatementsthatarebasedonhearsay.英语有过分使用被动语态的倾向,正式文体尤其如此。英美语言学者都主张多用主动语态,不要滥用被动语态。许多学者认为被动语态虽有不少用处,但显得罗唆(wordy)、间接(indirect)、无力(weak)、隐晦(oracular),故弄玄虚(mysterious)而深不可测(impenetrable),使交际者之间隔着一层被动的烟幕(passivesmoke-screen)。R.Quirk曾引用D.Senior攻击被动语态的话,说它是“halfthedilatoriness,thepassingofthebucks,theshirkingofresponsibility,thelazy-mindedness,andthewantofinitiative…”.从众多语言学者批评滥用被动语态这一事实来看,英语作者出于各种考虑和需要,确实广泛使用着被动语态,尤其常用于上述的科技文章(technicalwriting)、报刊文章(newspaperese)和官方文章(bureaucratese)。英语的结构被动句(syntacticpassive)远比意义被动句(notionalpassive)多。一般地说,绝大多数的及物动词和相当于及物动词的短语都有被动式。被动式可借助形态变化来表示,因而形式很多:有限定动词多种时态的被动式,也有非限定动词(不定式、分词、动名词)的被动式;有非人称被动式(impersonalpassive),如itisbelieved等,也有双重被动式(doublepassive),如Thedateisexpectedtobeannouncedsoon,等等。这些结构被动式不仅应用范围很广,而且使用的频率也很高。意义被动式,即用主动的形式表达被动的意义,在英语里比较少见:1)Theseproductsselllikehotcakes(=areso1d).这些产品十分畅销。2)Theclockwindsupattheback(=canbewoundup).这个钟在背面上发条。3)Shedressesbeautifully(=isdressed).她穿得很漂亮。4)Theroomfilledrapidly(=wasfilled).房间很快就挤满了。5)Thiskindofclothwashesverywell(=canbewashed).这种布很经洗。6)Thebookisprinting(=isbeingprinted).这本书正在印刷。7)Theplanisworkingout(=isbeingworkedout).这项计划正在制定。英语有些被动意义可用词汇手段来表达,如:名词(短语):examinee(=personexamined)受审查者;受试人;考生referee(=towhomaquestionisreferred)受委托者hisastonishment(=hewasastonished)他感到惊讶theman’strial(=themanwastried)那个人受审问theimprisonmentofthemurderer(=themurdererwasimprisoned)凶手被监禁形容词:eatable(=fittobeeaten)可吃的desirable(=tobedesired)想要的visible(=thatcanbeseen)可以看见的respectable(=deservingrespect)值得尊敬的介词短语:inone’spossession/inthepossessionofsomeone(=owned,held,keptorcontrolledbysome
本文标题:第6章被动与主动
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