英国文学名词解释(整理版)

1NounExplanationAllegory:Ataleinverseorproseinwhichcharacters,actions,orsettingsrepresentabstractideasormoralqualities.Anallegoryisastorywithtwomeanings,aliteralmeaningandasymbolicmeaning.Alliteration:Therepetitionoftheinitialconsonantsoundsinpoetry.Antagonist:Apersonorforceopposingtheprotagonistinanarrative;arivaloftheheroorheroine.Antithesis:(afigureofspeech)Thebalancingoftwocontrastingideas,wordsphrases,orsentences.Anantithesisisoftenexpressedinabalancedsentence,thatis,asentenceinwhichidenticalorsimilargrammaticalstructureisusedtoexpresscontrastingideas.Aside:Indrama,linesspokenbyacharacterinanundertoneordirectlytotheaudience.Anasideismeanttobeheardbytheothercharactersonstage.Ballad:Astorytoldinverseandusuallymeanttobesung.Inmanycountries,thefolkballadwasoneoftheearliestformsofliterature.Folkballadshavenoknownauthors.Theyweretransmittedorallyfromgenerationtogenerationandwerenotsetdowninwritinguntilcenturiesaftertheywerefirstsung.Thesubjectmatteroffolkballadsstemsfromtheeverydaylifeofthecommonpeople.Devicescommonlyusedinballadsaretherefrain,incrementalrepetition,andcodelanguage.Alaterformofballadistheliteraryballad,whichimitatesthestyleof2thefolkballad.Biography:Adetailedaccountofaperson’slifewrittenbyanotherperson.Blankverse:Versewritteninunrhymediambicpentameter.Classicism:Amovementortendencyinart,literature,ormusicthatreflectstheprinciplesmanifestedintheartofancientGreeceandRome.Classicismemphasizesthetraditionalandtheuniversal,andplacesvalueonreason,clarity,balance,andorder.Classicism,withitsconcernforreasonanduniversalthemes,istraditionallyopposedtoRomanticism,whichisconcernedwithemotionsandpersonalthemes.Climax:Thepointofgreatestintensity,interest,orsuspenseinagogotory’sturningpoint.Theactionleadingtotheclimaxandthesimultaneousincreaseoftensionintheplotareknownastherisingaction.Allactionaftertheclimaxisreferredtoasthefallingaction,orresolution.Thetermcrisisissometimesusedinterchangeablywithclimax.Comedy:ingeneral,aliteraryworkthatendshappilywithahealthy,amicablearmisticebetweentheprotagonistandsociety.Conceit:Akindofmetaphorthatmakesacomparisonbetweentwostartlinglydifferentthings.Aconceitmaybeabriefmetaphor,butitusuallyprovidestheframeworkforanentirepoem.Anespeciallyunusualandintellectualkindofconceitisthemetaphysicalconceit.Conflict:Astrugglebetweentwoopposingforcesorcharactersinashort3story,novel,play,ornarrativepoem.Usuallytheeventsofthestoryareallrelatedtotheconflict,andtheconflictisresolvedinsomewaybythestory’send.Couplet:Twoconsecutivelinesofpoetrythatrhymed.Aheroiccoupletisaniambicpentametercouplet.CriticalRealism:Thecriticalrealismofthe19thcenturyflourishedinthefortiesandinthebeginningoffifties.Therealistsfirstandforemostsetthemselvesthetaskofcriticizingcapitalistsocietyfromademocraticviewpointanddelineatedthecryingcontradictionsofbourgeoisreality.Buttheydidnotfindawaytoeradicatesocialevils.Dramaticmonologue:Akindofnarrativepoeminwhichonecharacterspeakstooneormorelistenerswhoserepliesarenotgiveninthepoem.Theoccasionisusuallyacrucialoneinthespeaker’spersonalityaswellastheincidentthatisthesubjectofthepoem.Elegy:Apoemofmourning,usuallyoverthedeathofanindividual.Anelegyisatypeoflyricpoem,usuallyformalinlanguageandstructure,andsolemnorevenmelancholyintone.Enlightenment:Withtheadventofthe18thcentury,inEngland,asinotherEuropeancountries,theresprangintolifeapublicmovementknownastheEnlightenment.TheEnlightenmentonthewhole,wasanexpressionofstruggleofthethenprogressiveclassofbourgeoisagainstfeudalism.Theegogoesinequality,stagnation,prejudicesandothersurvivalsoffeudalism.Theyattemptedtoplaceallbranchesofscienceattheserviceofmankindbyconnectingthemwiththeactualdeedsandrequirementsofthe4people.Epic:Alongnarrativepoemtellingaboutthedeedsofagreatheroandreflectingthevaluesofthesocietyfromwhichitoriginated.Manyepicsweredrawnfromanoraltraditionandweretransmittedbysongandrecitationbeforetheywerewrittendown.Essay:Apieceofprosewriting,usuallyshort,thatdealswithasubjectinalimitedwayandexpressesaparticularpointorview.FreeVerse:Versethathaseithernometricalpatternoranirregularpattern.Hyperbole:Afigureofspeechusingexaggeration,oroverstatement,forspecialeffect.Iamb抑扬格:ItisthemostcommonlyusedfootinEnglishpoetry,inwhichanunstressedsyllablecomesfirst,followedbyastressedsyllable.Iambicpentameter:Apoeticlineconsistingoffiveversefeet,witheachfootaniamb—thatis,anunstressedsyllablefollowedbyastressedsyllable.IambicpentameteristhemostcommonverselineinEnglishpoetry.Irony:Acontrastoranincongruitybetweenwhatisstatedandwhatisreallymeant,orbetweenwhatisexpectedtohappenandwhatactuallyhappens.Threekindsofironyare(1)verbalirony,inwhichawriterorspeakersaysonethingandmeanssomethingentirelydifferent;5(2)dramaticirony,inwhichareaderoranaudienceperceivessomethingthatacharacterinthestoryorplaydoesnotknow;(3)ironyofsituation,inwhichthewritershowsadiscrepancybetweentheexpectedresultsofsomeactionorsituationanditsactualresults.Lyric:Apoem,usuallyashortone,thatexpressesaspeaker’spersonalthoughtsorfeelings.Theelegy,ode,andsonnetareallformsofthelyr