海洋微生物多样性及其研究方法

海洋细菌多样性及其研究进展浩瀚的海洋是地球上生命的摇篮，它覆盖地球表面积的70.8%。从海面到海底深层蕴藏着数量惊人的生物、能源、矿产以及空间资源。目前的研究表明，海洋微生物不仅在海洋生态环境和物质循环中具有极其重要的作用，也是各种新型生物活性物质的潜在来源。由于世界面临严重的资源、环境、人口问题，海洋生物资源包括海洋微生物资源的开发与多样性研究已成为各沿海国家关注的热点。1914年，Issatchenko出版第一本海洋微生物研究专著《北冰洋细菌的研究》，确定了海洋微生物学的研究方向，并使海洋微生物学发展成为独立的学科。Certes,A.1884.Ontheculture,freefromknownsourcesofcontamination,fromwatersandfromsedimentsbroughtbackbytheexpeditionsoftheTravailleurandtheTalisman:1882-1883.C.R.Hebd.SéancesAcad.Sci.,98:690-693ZoBell,C.E.1946.MarineMicrobiology.ChronicaBotanica,Waltham,MA.Johnson,T.W.etal.1961.FungiinOceansandEstuaries(海湾）.WeinheimpublishedbyJ.CramerWood,E.J.F.1965.MarineMicrobialEcology.Chapman&HallpressWood,E.J.F.1967.MicrobiologyofOceansandEstuaries.ElsevierPublishing,LondonColwell,R.R.,etal.1974.EffectoftheOceanEnvironmentonMicrobialActivities.UniversityParkPress,Baltimore.Colwell,R.R.,etal.1975.MarineandEstuarineMicrobiologyLaboratoryManual.UniversityParkPress,BaltimoreWood,E.J.F.1975.Thelivingocean:Marinemicrobiology.CroomHelmLitchfield,C.D.1976.MarineMicrobiology.Dowden,utchingon&RossInc.Sieburth,J.McN.1979.SeaMicrobes.OxfordUniversityPressVincent,W.F.1988.MicrobialEcosystemsofAntarctica.CambridgeUniversitypress,NewYorkAustin,B.1988.MarineMicrobiology.CambridgeUniversityPressBartlett,D.H.2000.MolecularMarineMicrobiology.HorizonScientificpressKirchman,D.L.2000.MicrobialEcologyoftheOceans.Wiley_LisspressPaul,J.H.2001.MarineMicrobiology(MethodsinMicrobiolgy,volume30)AcademicPressSmithJ.2002.MicrobiologyofMarine&FreshwaterEnvironments.Chapman&HallMunn,C.B.2004.MarineMicrobiology:EcologyandApplication.BIOSScientificPublishersHobbie,J.E.1984.HeterotrophicActivityintheSea(NATOconferenceseries)PlenumPubCorpVreeland,R.H.1991.MicrobiologyofDeep-SeaHydrothermalVents（热水口）(MicrobiologyofExtremeandUnusualEnvironments).CRCPressKarl,D.M.1995TheMicrobiologyofDeep-SeaHydrothermalVents(CrcSeriesonMicrobiologyofExtremeandUnusualEnvironments).CrcPrILlc。。。。。。薛廷耀编.海洋细菌学.科学出版社.1962北京克里斯AE.著.孙国玉，李世珍译.海洋微生物学（深海）.科学出版社.1964北京林永成，周世宁主编.海洋微生物及其代谢产物.化学工业出版社.2003北京海洋细菌的多样性摘自MartinkoJM.,etal.1997,BrockBiologyofMicroorganisms（中译本）生物系统发育摘自MartinkoJM.,etal.1997,BrockBiologyofMicroorganisms（中译本）细菌系统发育微生物种类多样性Whatismarinebacteria?关于物种的概念物种是一个可以相互交配繁殖的自然群体，并与其他群体在生殖上是隔离的（Mayr,1969）；物种是一个具有自身进化趋向和历史结局的祖裔群体的单一谱系，并维持其特性与其他类似谱系不同（Wiley,1978）；微生物的种是一群具有高度表型相似的菌株的集合体，该菌株集合与其他类群的菌株存在明显差异（Stanier,1986）；species,unitsofevolutionandecology,shouldbeconsideredasecologicallyunique(e.g.differentbiotypes,virulence（至病）properties,habitats,hostranges)----from:WardD.M.,Anaturalspeciesconceptforprokaryotes.CurrOpinMicrobiol1998,1:271-277Majorhorizontalzonationinanoceanprofile.(Soruce:Odum1971.)Intertidal:潮间带neritic浅海区euphoticzone透光层Aphoticzone无光层Continentalshelf大陆架Continentalslope大陆斜坡Continentalrise大陆隆hadalzone深海带(6000米以下)abyssalplain深海平原trench沟Principalenvironmentalcharacteristicsofanestuary.HWOST=highwaterlineofspringtide;LWOST=lowwaterlineofspringtide.ThermalVentCommunitiesMarinebacteriashouldexhibitgrowthatsalinitiesbetween20-40partsperthousand.Truemarinebacteriawillnotgrowintheabsenceofsodiumchloride.Marinebacteriamustbecapableofgrowthatthelownutrientconcentrationsfoundintheoceans.Marinebacteriamustbecapableofgrowthatlowtemperatures.海洋细菌种类多样性及其分布古菌（ARCHAEA）嗜泉古菌界（Crenarchaeota）广域古菌界（Euryarchaeota）初生古菌界（Korarchaeota）真细菌（EUBACTERIA）变形细菌（Proteobacteria）-α、γ、β、δ、ε-subclass蓝细菌（Cyanobacteria）革兰氏阳性细菌（Gram-positivebacteria）噬纤维菌属-黄杆菌属（Cytophaga-Flavobacterium）浮霉状菌（Planctomycetales）疣微菌（Verrucomicrobiales）螺旋体（Spirochaeta）绿色非硫细菌（Greennon-sulfurbacteria）海洋环境中发现的部分Proteobacteria类群的细菌类群属α-ProteobacteriaAgrobacterium，Brucella，Erythrobacter，Hyphomonas，Nitrobacter，Pseudomonas，Rodopseudomonas，Roseibium，Roseobacter，sphingomonasγ-Proteobacteria（含β-亚簇）Achromobacter，Acinetobacter，Aeromonas，Alcaligenes，Alteromonas，Beggiatoa，CandidatusEndobugulasertula（共生细菌）Chromobacterium，Colwellia，Hahella，Halomonas，Idiomarina，Leucothrix，Marinobacter，Marinomonas，Moritella，Nitrosomonas，Oceanospirillum，PhotobacteriumPseudoalteromonas，Pseudomonas，Psychrobacter，Serratia，Shewanella，sulfur-oxidizingendosymbioticbacteria，Thalassomonas，Thiobacillus，Thiocapsa，Thioflavicoccus，Thiomicrospira，Vibrioδ-Proteobacteria“CandidatusEntothenellapalauensis”，Desulfobacter，Desulfobacterium，Desulfobotulus，Desulfofustis，Desulfomena，Desulfomonile，Desulfosarcina，Desulfotalea，Desulfotignum，Desulfovibrioε-ProteobacteriaArcobacter，ectosymbiontofAlvinellapompejana，Sulfurospirillum，Thiovulum海洋环境中发现的部分革兰氏阳性细菌类群属高G+C革兰氏阳性细菌Streptomyces，Arthrobacter，Nocadia，Mycobacterium，Corynebacterium，Actinoplanes，Gordonia，Micromonospora，Thermoactinomyces，Rhodococcus，Brevibacterium，Actinomycete低G+C革兰氏阳性细菌Bacillus，Paenibacillus，Staphylococcus，Streptococcus，Peptococcus，Micrococcus，Clostridium，Sarcina，Planococcus，Halobacillus海洋细菌基因资源多样性目前已克隆的来自海洋细菌的基因基因产物及其功能微生物参考文献ChiA几丁质酶Vibriosp.strainFi:7Bendtetal.2001Omp2细胞外膜孔道蛋白BrucellamarisCloeckaertetal.2001Lux冷光形成VibriofischeriV.parahaemolyticusMcCarter1998；Stevensetal.1997GroES,groELGroES,GroEL(分子伴娘)VibrioharveyiKuchannyetal.1998Tn5影响支架